Table 5-2.
Pooled analysis of total cancer incidence according to frequency of fruit and vegetable intake among 133,350 Japanese women, 1990–2006.
| Almost never |
1-2/week |
3-4/week |
Almost daily |
p for trend | p for heterogeneity |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | for the highest category | For trend | ||
| Total fruit and vegetables | |||||||
| Number of subjects | 1035 | 1347 | 1944 | 127,745 | |||
| Person-years | 10,492 | 15,843 | 22,634 | 1,498,738 | |||
| Number of cases | 79 | 79 | 134 | 8324 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 676 | 459 | 645 | 585 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.69 (0.5, 0.97) | 0.97 (0.66, 1.44) | 0.87 (0.67, 1.14) | 1.00 | 0.28 | 0.69 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.69 (0.49, 0.97) | 0.96 (0.66, 1.4) | 0.88 (0.67, 1.15) | 1.00 | 0.27 | 0.55 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.67 (0.45, 1) | 0.97 (0.6, 1.57) | 0.90 (0.64, 1.27) | 1.00 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
| Fruits | |||||||
| Number of subjects | 12,464 | 13,402 | 22,478 | 84,523 | |||
| Person-years | 143,440 | 162,964 | 271,785 | 978,385 | |||
| Number of cases | 871 | 880 | 1354 | 5568 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 610 | 599 | 548 | 588 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.04) | 0.89 (0.82, 0.98) | 0.93 (0.87, 1.00) | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.88 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.90 (0.82, 0.99) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.02) | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.74 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.92 (0.82, 1.03) | 0.90 (0.81, 1.00) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.03) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.93 |
| Fruits, excluding juice | |||||||
| Number of subjects | 14,619 | 12,474 | 17,730 | 56,108 | |||
| Person-years | 175,283 | 160,159 | 230,565 | 680,397 | |||
| Number of cases | 1000 | 851 | 1168 | 3791 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 596 | 630 | 580 | 584 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.10) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 0.77 | 0.99 | 0.98 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.10) | 0.94 (0.84, 1.06) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.05) | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.92 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.08) | 0.95 (0.83, 1.08) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.89 |
| Vegetables | |||||||
| Number of subjects | 1874 | 2305 | 4164 | 123,992 | |||
| Person-years | 20,199 | 27,103 | 49,354 | 1,454,268 | |||
| Number of cases | 138 | 137 | 296 | 8068 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 598 | 577 | 646 | 584 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.84 (0.66, 1.07) | 1.09 (0.77, 1.56) | 0.91 (0.73, 1.15) | 0.98 | 0.21 | 0.73 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.84 (0.66, 1.07) | 1.09 (0.77, 1.54) | 0.92 (0.72, 1.18) | 1.00 | 0.17 | 0.51 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.92 (0.68, 1.23) | 1.08 (0.8, 1.46) | 1.01 (0.74, 1.37) | 1.00 | 0.14 | 0.29 |
| Vegetables, excluding pickles | |||||||
| Number of subjects | 3953 | 3416 | 11,615 | 113,897 | |||
| Person-years | 44,361 | 39,777 | 138,591 | 1,334,133 | |||
| Number of cases | 281 | 240 | 763 | 7397 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 591 | 653 | 595 | 581 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.08 (0.76, 1.54) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.2) | 0.91 (0.75, 1.12) | 0.59 | 0.10 | 0.69 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.09 (0.77, 1.53) | 0.94 (0.73, 1.21) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.15) | 0.88 | 0.07 | 0.61 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.15 (0.79, 1.68) | 0.99 (0.78, 1.26) | 0.94 (0.73, 1.22) | 0.90 | 0.05 | 0.33 |
| Green and yellow vegetables | |||||||
| Number of subjects | 7217 | 10,283 | 24,528 | 91,010 | |||
| Person-years | 78,742 | 112,495 | 278,824 | 1,088,495 | |||
| Number of cases | 503 | 644 | 1556 | 5988 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 606 | 570 | 596 | 581 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.49 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.07) | 0.97 (0.88, 1.08) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.04) | 0.94 | 0.50 | 0.58 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.08) | 0.94 (0.84, 1.04) | 0.94 | 0.46 | 0.52 |
ASR, age-standardized rate; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
HR1 was adjusted for age (continuous), area (for JPHC-I, JPHC-II only). HR2 and 3: further adjusted for total energy intake (quintile), smoking status (never, past, or current), alcohol consumption (non, occasional, <23, 23–45, or ≥46 g ethanol/day), body mass index in kg/m2 (14–18.9, 19–20.9, 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–26.9, 27–29.9, or 30–40 kg/m2), history of diabetes mellitus (yes or no), and screening examination (yes or no; any kind of the following cancer screening for JPHC-I: chest X-ray, sputum test, photofluorography, gastrointestinal endoscopy, fecal occult blood test, barium enema, or colonoscopy; any kind of screening examination for JPHC-II; and chest X-ray, gastric cancer examination, Pap smear, mammography, or complete medical checkup for MIYAGI and OHSAKI). HR3 excluded diagnosed or deceased cases of any cancers during the first 3 years of follow-up. Linear trends across quintiles of fruit and vegetable intake were tested using 0 to 4 for each quintile as an ordinal variable.