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. 2017 Mar 31;12(3):e0174998. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174998

Fig 5. MPiφs prevent calcium-phosphate deposition by increasing extracellular ATP and PPi.

Fig 5

Fixed VSMCs were incubated in pro-calcifying medium over 5 days with 0.4 μm polycarbonate transwells containing unpolarized M0φsor Pi-activated MPiφs. (A, B) Extracellular ATP and PPi released by the indicated macrophage types. (C) PPi/ATP ratio. Statistical significance was determined by unpaired Student’s t-test. Results are presented as mean ± SE of 3 independent experiments with 3 mice per experiment. (D) Calcium deposition on fixed VSMCs in absence (Control) or presence of M0φs or MPiφs. Experiments were performed in the presence or absence of exogenous alkaline phosphatase (-AP and +AP). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s multicomparison test. Results are presented as mean ± SE of 4 independent experiments with 3 mice per experiment. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001.