Table 1.

Aberrant DNA methylation markers for HCC.

Gene and its location	Function	Methylation frequency% in adjacent normal tissue	Methylation frequency% in HCC	Ref.
WT1	Urogenital development	0	54	[34]
11p13
TIMP3	Cell adhesion	0	13	[35]
22q12.3
SOCS-1	Cytokine inhibitor	0–7	43–65	[36]
16p13.13
SEMA3B	Apoptosis	—	83	[37]
3p21.3
RB	Chromatin structure	0	32	[34]
13q14.2
RASSF1A	Apoptosis	0	59–75	[35, 37]
3p21.3
RaR-Beta	Retinoic acid signaling	7	12	[36]
3p24.2
P73	Tumor suppressor	0	6	[36]
1p36.32
P53	Tumor suppressor	0	14	[34]
17p13.1
P300	Growth/cell division	0	65	[34]
22q13.2
P27	CDK inhibitor	0	48	[34]
12p13.1
P21	CDK inhibitor	10	63	[34]
6p21.2
P16 INK4a	CDK inhibitor	0–10	16–83	[35, 36]
9q21.3
P15	CDK inhibitor	0	42–47	[36]
18q12.2
P14	CDK inhibitor	0	6	[36]
11q13.1
hMLH1	Mismatch repair	0	0	[35]
3p21.3
GSTP1	Glutathione synthesis	0–7	41–76	[35, 36]
11q13
E-Cadherin	Cell adhesion	7	33–67	[34–36]
16q22.1
E2F-1	Transcription factor	0	70	[34]
20q11.22
DAPK1	Apoptosis	0	10	[35]
9q21.33
CPS1	Urea cycling	0	80	[38]
2q346
COX2	Prostaglandin synthesis	0	35–50	[35]
1q31.1
BLU	Unknown zinc-finger	—	20	[37]
3q21.3
APC	Prostaglandin synthesis	0–14	53–81	[35, 36]
5q22.2