Table 2.

miRNAs involved in metabolic homeostasis.

miRNAs	Targets	Function	References
Let-7	Insulin-PI3K-mTOR pathway	Leads to insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance	[50,51]
miR-1	G6PD, 6PGD, TKT, FABP3	Inhibits fatty acid uptake	[60,67]
miR-15a	UCP-2	Reduces ATP generation	[76]
miR-15b	Arl2	Reduces ATP generation	[77]
miR-26a	PDHX	Increases glucose uptake, but reduces production of acetyl-CoA	[62]
miR-30c	MTP, LPGAT1	Reduces plasma lipids	[73]
miR-33a, miR-33b	CROT, CPT1A, HADHB, SREBP	Down-regulates fatty acid β-oxidation rate	[64]
miR-34a	HK, GPI, PDK	Represses glycolysis	[61]
miR-93	GLUT4	Inhibits glucose uptake	[59]
miR-103/107	CAV1	Reduces insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis	[53]
miR-122	HMGCR, HMGCS1, DHCR7	Increases cholesterol and triglyceride plasma level	[70,71]
miR-132	CACT	Reduces the transporting rate of fatty-acyl-carnitines into the mitochondria	[66]
miR-143	ORP8	Impairs insulin-stimulated AKT activation and glucose homeostasis	[55]
miR-155	GLUT1, HK2, PFK2, PKM2, LDHA	Increases glucose consumption rate and lactate production	[63]
miR-181a	IDH	Modulate TCA cycle	[74]
miR-183	IDH	Modulate TCA cycle	[75]
miR-195	INSR	Impairs insulin signaling and glycogen synthesis	[54]
miR-199a	CAV1	Down-regulates fatty acid β-oxidation rate	[68]
miR-199a/214	PPAR	Metabolic switch from fatty acid oxidation towards glucose utilization	[49]
miR-208	MED 13	Reduces insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance	[48]
miR-210	COX 10	Reduces ATP generation and up-regulates glycolysis	[79]
miR-212	CACT	Reduces the transporting rate of fatty-acyl-carnitines into the mitochondria	[66]
miR-223	GLUT4	Inhibits glucose uptake	[58]
miR-338	COX IV	Decreases oxidative phosphorylation and reduces ATP generation	[78]
miR-370	DGAT2, FAS, ACC1	Reduces the transporting rate of fatty-acyl-CoA into the mitochondria	[65]
miR-375	CAV1, RGS16, AIFM1, ID3, CADM1 etc	Maintains normal glucose homeostasis	[52]
miR-378	ERRϒ, GABPA	Reduces TCA cycle and oxygen consumption, but increases lactate production	[56]
miR-696	PGC-1α	Down-regulates fatty acid β-oxidation rate and up-regulates aerobic metabolism	[69]
miR-758	ABCA1	Regulates cholesterol efflux	[72]
miR-802	Hnf1b	Leads to impaired glucose tolerance and attenuates insulin sensitivity	[57]

mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; G6PD: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; 6PGD: 6-phophogluconate dehydrogenase; TKT: transketolase; FABP3: fatty acid binding protein 3; UCP-2: uncoupling protein-2; Arl2: ADP-ribosylation factor-like 2; PDHX: pyruvate dehydrogenase protein X component; MTP: microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; LPGAT1: lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase 1; CROT: carnitine O-octanoyltransferase; CPT1A: carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A; HADHB: hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A-dehydrogenase; SREBP: sterol-regulatory element-binding protein; HK: hexokinase; GPI: glucose-phosphate isomerase; PDK: phosphoinositide dependent kinase; GLUT: glucose transporter; CAV1: caveolin 1; HMGCR: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase; HMGCS: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase; DHCR7: dehydrocholesterol reductase; CACT: carnitine acyl-carnitine translocase; ORP8: oxysterol-binding-protein-related protein 8; PFK2: phosphofructokinase 2; PKM2: pyruvate dehydrogenase isoform M2; LDHA: lactate dehydrogenase isoform A; IDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase; INSR: insulin receptor; PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; MED13: mediator complex subunit 13; COX: cytochrome c oxidase; DGAT2: diacylglycerolacyltransferase-2; FAS: fatty acid synthase; ACC1: acyl-CoA carboxylase 1; RGS16: regulator of G protein signaling 16; AIFM1: apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondrion-associated 1; ID3: inhibitor of DNA binding 3; CADM1: cell adhesion molecule 1; ERRϒ: estrogen-related receptor T; GABPA: GA-binding protein alpha chain; PGC-1α: PPAR coactivator 1α; ABCA1: ATP-binding cassette transporter A1; Hnf1b: hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox B.