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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Atherosclerosis. 2017 Jan 30;259:120–127. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.01.029

Table 2.

Associations of risk factors with presence of calcium in the different vascular beds

Splenic artery calcium Models 1 Model 2 Model 3
Variable OR (CI) p OR (CI) p OR (CI) p
Age (10 years) 3.31 (2.33–4.70) <0.001 3.85 (2.53–5.84) <0.001 1.55 (0.90–2.66) 0.115
Sex (male) 1.91 (0.97–3.76) 0.060 1.88 (0.82–4.35) 0.138 1.38 (0.53–3.58) 0.513
BMI 1.03 (0.96–1.10) 0.448 1.05 (0.96–1.15) 0.249 0.99 (0.90–1.09) 0.869
Smoking: current vs never 1.27 (0.41–3.93) 0.682 1.95 (0.54–7.10) 0.310 0.61 (0.14–2.65) 0.506
 former vs never 1.73 (0.90–3.30) 0.098 1.10 (0.51–2.37) 0.802 0.77 (0.34–1.76) 0.532
Hypertension 2.08 (1.02–4.24) 0.045 1.20 (0.50–2.89) 0.682 1.08 (0.40–2.88) 0.885
Dyslipidemia 1.92 (0.99–3.71) 0.052 1.57 (0.70–3.51) 0.275 1.25 (0.54–2.91) 0.604
Diabetes 7.26 (2.33–22.68) 0.001 4.18 (1.15–15.25) 0.030 4.49 (1.00–20.19) 0.050
Thoracic aorta calcium 1.57 (1.38–1.78) <0.001 - - 1.10 (0.91–1.33) 0.314
Abdominal aorta calcium 1.82 (1.50–2.22) <0.001 - - 1.31 (1.02–1.68) 0.034
CAC score 1.81 (1.52–2.16) <0.001 - - 1.34 (1.08–1.66) 0.007
Internal iliac artery calcium Models 1 Model 2 Model 3
Variable OR (CI) p OR (CI) p OR (CI) p
Age (10 years) 3.20 (2.46–4.18) <0.001 3.74 (2.74–5.12) <0.001 1.50 (0.99–2.27) 0.059
Sex (male) 3.22 (2.11–4.92) <0.001 4.04 (2.28–7.16) <0.001 3.95 (2.04–7.65) <0.001
BMI 1.05 (1.00–1.10) 0.037 1.03 (0.97–1.10) 0.299 1.01 (0.94–1.08) 0.880
Smoking: current vs. never 2.45 (1.17–5.14) 0.018 4.21 (1.61–10.96) 0.003 2.62 (0.86–7.96) 0.089
 former vs. never 2.19 (1.41–3.40) 0.001 1.51 (0.87–2.64) 0.144 1.23 (0.65–2.30) 0.524
Hypertension 2.13 (1.34–3.38) 0.001 1.10 (0.59–2.06) 0.765 1.04 (0.51–2.13) 0.904
Dyslipidemia 2.52 (1.62–3.91) <0.001 1.67 (0.94–2.96) 0.079 1.11 (0.58–2.14) 0.752
Diabetes 2.53 (0.77–8.37) 0.127 0.69 (0.18–2.66) 0.592 0.77 (0.15–4.04) 0.753
Thoracic aorta calcium 1.49 (1.36–1.63) <0.001 1.08 (0.94–1.25) 0.281
Abdominal aorta calcium 1.64 (1.50–1.79) <0.001 1.41 (1.24–1.59) <0.001
CAC score 1.59 (1.44–1.75) <0.001 1.21 (1.06–1.37) 0.004
External iliac artery calcium Models 1 Model 2 Model 3
Variable OR (CI) p OR (CI) p OR (CI) p
Age (10 years) 2.96 (2.07–4.24) <0.001 3.47 (2.21–5.45) <0.001 0.92 (0.47–1.78) 0.800
Sex (male) 1.54 (0.75–3.16) 0.240 1.22 (0.48–3.08) 0.679 0.93 (0.29–3.03) 0.905
BMI 0.98 (0.91–1.06) 0.692 1.01 (0.92–1.12) 0.790 0.94 (0.84–1.06) 0.315
Smoking: current vs. never 9.95 (3.52–28.09) <0.001 25.23 (6.75–94.33) <0.001 9.05 (1.88–43.54) 0.006
 former vs. never 5.16 (2.20–12.10) <0.001 4.13 (1.54–11.04) 0.005 2.91 (0.99–8.50) 0.051
Hypertension 2.26 (1.05–4.83) 0.037 1.40 (0.55–3.54) 0.481 1.04 (0.35–3.10) 0.945
Dyslipidemia 2.06 (0.98–4.34) 0.057 1.83 (0.70–4.78) 0.214 1.80 (0.62–5.25) 0.282
Diabetes 4.60 (1.34–15.75) 0.015 6.07 (1.32–27.86) 0.021 6.14 (0.91–41.36) 0.062
Thoracic aorta calcium 1.85 (1.54–2.22) <0.001 1.24 (0.95–1.61) 0.110
Abdominal aorta calcium 3.19 (2.15–4.75) <0.001 1.96 (1.22–3.17) 0.006
CAC score 1.80 (1.48–2.18) <0.001 1.25 (0.97–1.61) 0.091

Models 1: Univariable association of each risk factor with calcification. Model 2: a multivariable model including traditional CVD risk factors. Model 3: the log of 1+ the quantification of the calcification of the coronary arteries and the thoracic and abdominal aorta were added to Model 2. Analyses done in subcohort (n=395). For external and internal iliac artery in n=390 because 5 people did not have external and iliac artery scoring (scans partially missing).