Table 4.

Effect estimates and 95% CI for combined parental pesticide exposures in the month before or during pregnancy and sporadic retinoblastoma, conditional logistic regression

	Unilateral (N=99 pairs)				Bilateral (N=56 pairs)
	Cases	Controls	Crude OR	Adjusted OR (95% CI)a	Cases	Controls	Crude OR	Adjusted OR (95% CI)a
					(N=56)	(N=56)
Type of pesticide used
None used	31	32	Ref	Ref	13	21	Ref	Ref
Spray	49	41	1.6	2.4 (0.9, 6.0)	26	19	2.1	2.8 (0.7, 12.3)
Otherb	18	20	1.1	1.4 (0.6, 3.7)	17	12	2.8	4.1 (0.9, 20.1)
Where was the pesticide was used
None used	35	38	Ref	Ref	19	27	Ref	Ref
Inside home	33	31	1.5	2.5 (0.9, 7.0)	23	11	2.3	1.9 (0.6, 6.1)
Outside home	30	24	1.7	2.5 (1.0, 6.5)	14	14	1.3	1.9 (0.5, 6.8)
When was the pesticide was used
None used	20	22	Ref	Ref	10	15	Ref	Ref
In the month before pregnancy or first trimester	55	47	1.4	1.7 (0.6, 4.6)	31	25	2.0	1.9 (0.4, 8.4)
In second or third trimester	23	24	1.3	1.4 (0.4, 4.4)	15	12	1.7	3.1 (0.7, 14.0)
Who applied the pesticides
None used	19	20	Ref	Ref	10	15	Ref	Ref
Mother	44	44	1.1	1.7 (0.6, 4.7)	24	19	2.0	2.5 (0.6, 10.7)
Father or other	35	29	1.4	2.4 (0.8, 7.1)	22	18	1.7	2.4 (0.5, 10.4)
Frequency of pesticide use
None used	20	21	Ref	Ref	10	15	Ref	Ref
Most days or 1 to 3 times a week	15	19	1.0	1.5 (0.5, 5.2)	12	7	1.0	1.5 (0.5, 5.2)
1 to 3 times a month, less than 1 time a month or once or twice only	63	53	1.3	1.8 (0.7, 4.8)	34	30	1.3	1.8 (0.7, 4.8)

^aAdjusted for mother's race, mother's age, mother's work status, and whether the father was living at home at start of pregnancy

^bOther types of pesticides include liquids, granules, foggers, powders, baits or traps.