Table 1.

Measures relevant to determining whether the difference between the amygdala and LIP with regard to the penalty signal arose from differences in behavior during the collection of data from the 2 areas

	Penalty Signal, Spikes per Second	Choice Rate, %: Reward vs. Penalty	Choice Rate, %: Large vs. Small Reward	Choice Rate, %: Small vs. Large Penalty	Fixation Break Rate, %	Reaction Time, ms
AM M1 (12 runs)	−0.39	98.9	98.4	71.4	11.2	228
AM M2 (19 runs)	0.19	96.8	98.6	82.4	17.0	194
LIP M1 (16 runs)	6.49	99.5	100	97.1	7.0	188
LIP M2 (20 runs)	4.47	99.6	99.8	95.4	48.2	160
Between-monkey β-coefficients		1.7 (P = 0.34)	4.1 (P = 0.015)	0.26 (P = 0.064)	0.034 (P = 0.81)	−0.080 (P = 0.32)
Within-monkey β-coefficients		−0.13 (P = 0.80)	−0.013 (P = 0.96)	−0.084 (P = 0.38)	−0.078 (P = 0.26)	−0.0098 (P = 0.79)

For each of 2 monkeys in the current amygdala study (AM M1 and M2) and each of 2 monkeys in a prior LIP study (Leathers and Olson 2012), we provide the average of the following measures as computed across all neurons in the monkey. Penalty signal: firing rate on large-penalty trials minus firing rate on small-penalty trials for all trials in which the penalty cue was presented contralateral to the recording site, a reward cue was presented ipsilateral to the recording site and the monkey chose reward. Choice rate: reward vs. penalty: percentage of trials pitting a reward against a penalty in which the monkey chose 1 of the options and that option was reward. Choice rate: large vs. small reward: percentage of trials pitting a large reward against a small reward on which the monkey chose large reward. Choice rate: small vs. large penalty: percentage of trials pitting a small penalty against a large penalty on which the monkey chose small penalty. Fixation break rate: percentage of trials pitting a reward against a penalty on which the monkey aborted the trial by breaking fixation. Reaction time: interval between fixation-spot offset and initiation of the saccade on trials pitting a reward against a penalty on which the monkey chose reward. We also provide β-coefficients and associated P values from univariate regression analyses assessing the dependence of between-monkey variance and within-monkey variance on each of the behavioral variables. The data set consisted of the penalty signal and 5 behavioral measures for each of 50 neurons in the amygdala and 67 neurons in LIP. To isolate between-monkey variance, we substituted for each neuronal and behavioral measure the mean for the monkey. To isolate within-monkey variance, we substituted for each neuronal and behavioral measure its observed value minus its mean for the monkey. Note that between-monkey β-coefficients bear no systematic relation to within-monkey β-coefficients.