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. 2017 Apr 3;7:45641. doi: 10.1038/srep45641

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

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(a) Averaged normalized active force-time curves for ME-ECT cultured for either day14 (blue) or day28 (red) (n = 6) under 2 Hz electrical stimulation. Dashed lines highlight 90% contraction time (CT) and relaxation time (RT). Prolonged in vitro culture for 28 days resulted in (b) reduced Contraction time 90% (n = 6; ***P < 0.01), (c) reduced Relaxation time 90% (***P < 0.001) at 2 Hz pacing, (d) increased maximum capture rate (n = 6; ***P < 0.001), (e) shift from a negative to a neutral force-frequency relationship (n = 6; *P < 0.05 to ***P < 0.001 vs. D14), and (f) increased cardiomyocyte alignment concentration (κ), [n = 4 (day14) and n = 3 (day28); ***P < 0.001]. (g), (h) Comparison of gene expression analysis (qPCR) between 14-day and 28-day constructs (n = 3; *P < 0.05 to ***P < 0.001). cTnT level was lower in 28-day constructs, and other genes were normalized to the value of cTnT expression.