Table 2.
Comparisons of frequency of dizziness, emotional distress, somatic catastrophizing, and center of gravity fluctuation measurements between groups and time points (two-way repeated measures analysis of variance).
| VM group | Tension-type headache group | Non-headache group | Main effect of time | Main effect of group | Interaction | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | F | p | F | p | F | p | ||
| Age | 47.68 ± 18.18 | 58.80 ± 16.38 | 67.66 ± 13.58 | – | – | 24.41 | <0.0001 | – | – | |
| Frequency of dizziness | Time 1 | 5.36 ± 2.36 | 5.01 ± 2.75 | 4.61 ± 3.09 | 39.67 | <0.0001 | 0.39 | NS | 0.85 | NS |
| Time 2 | 3.43 ± 2.30 | 3.90 ± 2.56 | 3.47 ± 3.02 | |||||||
| Time 3 | 2.96 ± 2.28 | 3.07 ± 2.66 | 3.04 ± 3.07 | |||||||
| HADS-A | Time 1 | 8.86 ± 4.40 | 10.53 ± 4.90 | 6.64 ± 4.17 | 34.12 | <0.0001 | 23.87 | <0.0001 | 1.10 | NS |
| Time 2 | 6.93 ± 4.98 | 7.57 ± 4.58 | 4.65 ± 3.54 | |||||||
| Time 3 | 7.07 ± 4.31 | 7.51 ± 4.38 | 4.58 ± 3.70 | |||||||
| HADS-D | Time 1 | 7.57 ± 3.68 | 9.66 ± 4.06 | 6.32 ± 3.79 | 32.64 | <0.0001 | 21.00 | <0.0001 | 0.52 | NS |
| Time 2 | 6.04 ± 3.70 | 7.65 ± 4.14 | 4.86 ± 3.68 | |||||||
| Time 3 | 5.54 ± 3.95 | 7.25 ± 4.10 | 4.54 ± 3.37 | |||||||
| SSCS | Time 1 | 91.48 ± 20.86 | 88.10 ± 21.33 | 77.63 ± 22.01 | 66.80 | <0.0001 | 6.16 | 0.002 | 2.11 | NS |
| Time 2 | 70.93 ± 24.24 | 75.15 ± 20.40 | 65.22 ± 20.50 | |||||||
| Time 3 | 70.26 ± 23.18 | 72.51 ± 23.10 | 66.35 ± 22.54 | |||||||
| LNG eye opening | Time 1 | 101.58 ± 39.87 | 108.83 ± 46.06 | 112.57 ± 46.91 | 1.92 | NS | 0.74 | NS | 0.10 | NS |
| Time 2 | 98.65 ± 40.43 | 113.89 ± 113.92 | 112.24 ± 88.31 | |||||||
| Time 3 | 89.14 ± 28.74 | 100.80 ± 44.92 | 103.47 ± 54.29 | |||||||
| LNG eye closing | Time 1 | 131.33 ± 52.91 | 159.72 ± 106.87 | 155.68 ± 84.31 | 8.45 | 0.001 | 0.68 | NS | 0.77 | NS |
| Time 2 | 137.98 ± 103.38 | 143.12 ± 76.20 | 146.48 ± 83.45 | |||||||
| Time 3 | 115.62 ± 36.97 | 132.20 ± 77.54 | 136.92 ± 78.37 | |||||||
| ENV eye opening | Time 1 | 5.92 ± 4.11 | 6.22 ± 5.04 | 5.68 ± 4.39 | 0.07 | NS | 0.36 | NS | 0.23 | NS |
| Time 2 | 6.46 ± 8.59 | 6.00 ± 4.59 | 5.22 ± 6.08 | |||||||
| Time 3 | 5.86 ± 4.43 | 5.97 ± 6.35 | 5.50 ± 8.92 | |||||||
| ENV eye closing | Time 1 | 10.03 ± 10.38 | 9.72 ± 11.70 | 8.64 ± 9.95 | 4.40 | 0.02 | 0.61 | NS | 1.41 | NS |
| Time 2 | 12.25 ± 29.30 | 8.36 ± 13.80 | 7.06 ± 10.17 | |||||||
| Time 3 | 6.64 ± 4.75 | 7.22 ± 7.72 | 7.04 ± 9.09 | |||||||
VM, vestibular migraine; HADS-A and D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale—Anxiety scale and Depression scale; SSCS, Somatosensory Catastrophizing Scale; LNG, total length of path; ENV, environmental area.
Results of post hoc test—age: VM < tension-type headache < non-headache; frequency of dizziness: time 1 > 2 > 3; HADS-A: time 1 > 2 and 3; VM and tension-type headache > non-headache; HADS-D: time 1 > 2 and 3; tension-type headache > VM and non-headache; SSCS: time 1 > 2 and 3; tension-type headache > non-headache; LNG during eye closing: time 1 and 2 > 3; ENV during eye closing: time 1 > 3.