Table 1.
Results of soil stabilizing by using fly ash from nine different studies.
| Summary: Experiences of soil stabilization using Fly Ash | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fly Ash | Soil | Activator | Tests | Results |
Source | ||
| Before Treatment | After Treatment | ||||||
| 20% | Fly Ash (FA) | Lean Clay | Cement | 20% FA and 91-day curing |
Kolias et al., 2005 | ||
| OMC | 22% | 30% | |||||
| CS | 0.1 MPa | 3.1 MPa | |||||
| CBR | 10% | 185% | |||||
| MDD | 15.9 KN/m3 | 13.1 KN/m3 | |||||
| 20% | Fly Ash (FA) | Lean Clay | Cement | 20% FA and 28-day curing |
|||
| OMC | 22% | 30% | |||||
| CS | 0.1 MPa | 1.7 MPa | |||||
| MDD | 15.9 KN/m3 | 13.1 KN/m3 | |||||
| 20% | Fly Ash (FA) | Fat Clay | Cement | 20% FA and 91-day curing |
|||
| CS | 0.1 MPa | 1.75 MPa | |||||
| CBR | 10% | 110% | |||||
| 20% | Fly Ash (FA) | Fat Clay | Cement | 20% FA and 28-day curing |
|||
| CS | 0.1 MPa | 1.25 MPa | |||||
| 10% | Fly Ash (FA) | Lean Clay | Cement | 10% FA and 91-day curing |
|||
| OMC | 22% | 26% | |||||
| CS | 0.1 MPa | 1.9 MPa | |||||
| CBR | 10% | 140% | |||||
| MDD | 15.9 KN/m3 | 14.1 KN/m3 | |||||
| 10% | Fly Ash (FA) | Lean Clay | Cement | 10% FA and 28-day curing |
|||
| OMC | 22% | 26% | |||||
| CS | 0.1 MPa | 1.1 MPa | |||||
| MDD | 15.9 KN/m3 | 14.1 KN/m3 | |||||
| 10% | Fly Ash (FA) | Fat Clay | Cement | 10% FA and 91-day curing |
|||
| CS | 0.1 MPa | 0.7 MPa | |||||
| CBR | 10% | 60% | |||||
| 10% | Fly Ash (FA) | Fat Clay | Cement | 10% FA and 28-day curing |
|||
| CS | 0.1 MPa | 0.5 MPa | |||||
| 40% | Fly Ash Class F (FAF) | Silty Sand | Cement | 40% FAF and 28-day curing |
Aydilek and Arora, 2005 | ||
| MDD | 15.46 kN/m3 | ||||||
| UCS | 5.0 MPa | ||||||
| 40% | Fly Ash Class F (FAF) | Silty Sand | Cement | 40% FAF and 7-day curing |
|||
| MDD | 15.46 kN/m3 | ||||||
| UCS | 3.2 MPa | ||||||
| CBR | 140% | ||||||
| 40% | Fly Ash Class F (FAF) | Silty Sand | Lime | 40% FAF and 28-day curing |
|||
| MDD | 15.36 kN/m3 | ||||||
| UCS | 0.4 MPa | ||||||
| 40% | Fly Ash Class F (FAF) | Silty Sand | Lime | 40% FAF and 7-day curing |
|||
| MDD | 15.36 kN/m3 | ||||||
| UCS | 0.3 MPa | ||||||
| CBR | 36% | ||||||
| 60% | Fly Ash (FA) | Low Plasticity Clay | 60% FA and 28-day curing |
Santos et al., 2011 | |||
| OMC | 14% | 28% | |||||
| MDD | 17.9 kN/m3 | 13.9 | |||||
| CS | 2.67 MPa | ||||||
| 40% | Fly Ash (FA) | Low Plasticity Clay | 40% FA and 28-day curing |
||||
| OMC | 14% | 25% | |||||
| MDD | 17.9 kN/m3 | 14.6 kN/m3 | |||||
| CS | 2.65 MPa | ||||||
| 20% | Fly Ash (FA) | Low Plasticity Clay | 20% FA and 28-day curing |
||||
| OMC | 14% | 22.5% | |||||
| MDD | 17.9 kN/m3 | 15.5 kN/m3 | |||||
| CS | 1.35 MPa | ||||||
| 20% | Fly Ash Class F (FAF) | Fat clays | SH & SS | 20% FAF and 84-day curing |
Cristelo et al., 2012a | ||
| UCS | 8.6 MPa | ||||||
| 20% | Fly Ash Class F (FAF) | Fat clays | SH & SS | 20% FAF and 28-day curing |
|||
| UCS | 1.7 MPa | ||||||
| 20% | Fly Ash Class C (FAC) | Fat clays | SH & SS | 20% FAC and 84-day curing |
|||
| UCS | 3.0 MPa | ||||||
| 20% | Fly Ash Class C (FAC) | Fat clays | SH & SS | 20% FAC and 28-day curing |
|||
| UCS | 1.3 MPa | ||||||
| 10% | Fly Ash Class F (FAF) | Fat clays | SH & SS | 10% FAF and 84-day curing |
|||
| UCS | 4.2 MPa | ||||||
| 10% | Fly Ash Class F (FAF) | Fat clays | SH & SS | 10% FAF and 28-day curing |
|||
| UCS | 0.6 MPa | ||||||
| 10% | Fly Ash Class C (FAC) | Fat clays | SH & SS | 10% FAC and 84-day curing |
|||
| UCS | 2.0 MPa | ||||||
| 10% | Fly Ash Class C (FAC) | Fat clays | SH & SS | 10% FAC and 28-day curing |
|||
| UCS | 1.1 MPa | ||||||
| 25% | Fly Ash Class F (FAF) | Granitic Residual Soil | SH & SS | 25% FAF and 7-day curing |
Cristelo et al., 2012b | ||
| UCS | 17 MPa | ||||||
| MDD | 19.2 KN/m3 | ||||||
| 20% | Fly Ash Class C (FAC) | High Plasticity Clay | 20% FAC and 40-day curing |
Reyes and Pando, 2007 | |||
| MDD | 12.1 kN/m3 | ||||||
| UCS | 0.24 MPa | 0.96 MPa | |||||
| 20% | Fly Ash Class C (FAC) | High Plasticity Clay | 20% FAC and 28-day curing |
||||
| MDD | 12.1 kN/m3 | ||||||
| CS | 0.24 MPa | 0.9 MPa | |||||
| 10% | Fly Ash Class C (FAC) | High Plasticity Clay | 10% FAC and 40-day curing |
||||
| MDD | 12.1 kN/m3 | ||||||
| CS | 0.24 MPa | 0.56 MPa | |||||
| 10% | Fly Ash Class C (FAC) | High Plasticity Clay | 10% FAC and 28-day curing |
||||
| MDD | 12.1 kN/m3 | ||||||
| CS | 0.24 MPa | 0.45 MPa | |||||
| 24% | Fly Ash (FA) | Kalahari Sand | 24% FA and 7-day curing |
Sahu, 2001 | |||
| OMC | 5% | 7% | |||||
| MDD | 17.3 KN/m3 | 14.7 KN/m3 | |||||
| CBR | 40% | 10% | |||||
| 24% | Fly Ash (FA) | Calcrete | 24% FA and 7-day curing |
||||
| OMC | 15.60% | 17% | |||||
| MDD | 17.2 KN/m3 | 16.3 KN/m3 | |||||
| CBR | 40% | 90% | |||||
| 24% | Fly Ash (FA) | Silty Sand | 24% FA and 7-day curing |
||||
| OMC | 9% | 9% | |||||
| MDD | 19.0 KN/m3 | 18.2 KN/m3 | |||||
| CBR | 80% | 470% | |||||
| 24% | Fly Ash (FA) | Black Cotton Soil | 24% FA and 7-day curing |
||||
| OMC | 20% | 23.50% | |||||
| MDD | 15.1 KN/m3 | 14.8 KN/m3 | |||||
| CBR | 0% | 25% | |||||
| 24% | Fly Ash (FA) | Low Plasticity Silt | 24% FA and 7-day curing |
||||
| OMC | 12% | 12.30% | |||||
| MDD | 19.8 KN/m3 | 18.9 KN/m3 | |||||
| CBR | 10% | 230% | |||||
| 8% | Fly Ash (FA) | Kalahari Sand | 8% FA and 7-day curing |
||||
| OMC | 5% | 5% | |||||
| MDD | 17.3 KN/m3 | 16.8 KN/m3 | |||||
| CBR | 40% | 30% | |||||
| 8% | Fly Ash (FA) | Calcrete | 8% FA and 7-day curing |
||||
| OMC | 15.60% | 19.90% | |||||
| MDD | 17.2 KN/m3 | 16.4 KN/m3 | |||||
| CBR | 40% | 60% | |||||
| 8% | Fly Ash (FA) | Silty Sand | 8% FA and 7-day curing |
||||
| OMC | 9% | 8.80% | |||||
| MDD | 19.0 KN/m3 | 18.6 KN/m3 | |||||
| CBR | 80% | 315% | |||||
| 8% | Fly Ash (FA) | Black Cotton Soil | 8% FA and 7-day curing |
||||
| OMC | 20% | 22.70% | |||||
| MDD | 15.1 KN/m3 | 15.3 KN/m3 | |||||
| CBR | 0% | 5% | |||||
| 8% | Fly Ash (FA) | Low Plasticity Silt | 8% FA and 7-day curing |
||||
| OMC | 12% | 11.90% | |||||
| MDD | 19.8 KN/m3 | 19.6 KN/m3 | |||||
| CBR | 10% | 40% | |||||
| 40% | Fly Ash Class F (FAF) | Sandy Clay | SH & SS | 40% FAF and 365-day curing |
Cristelo et al., 2011 | ||
| UCS | 43 MPa | ||||||
| 40% | Fly Ash Class F (FAF) | Sandy Clay | SH & SS | 40% FAF and 90-day curing |
|||
| UCS | 17 MPa | ||||||
| 40% | Fly Ash Class F (FAF) | Sandy Clay | SH & SS | 40% FAF and 28-day curing |
|||
| UCS | 8 MPa | ||||||
| 20% | Fly Ash Class F (FAF) | Sandy Clay | SH & SS | 20% FAF and 365-day curing |
|||
| UCS | 24 MPa | ||||||
| 20% | Fly Ash Class F (FAF) | Sandy Clay | SH & SS | 20% FAF and 90-day curing |
|||
| UCS | 5 MPa | ||||||
| 20% | Fly Ash Class F (FAF) | Sandy Clay | SH & SS | 20% FAF and 28-day curing |
|||
| UCS | 3.5 MPa | ||||||
| 24% | Fly Ash -a | Oxford Clay | Lime | 24% FA and 90-day curing |
McCarthy et al., 2011 | ||
| OMC | 25% | 26.90% | |||||
| MDD | 14.9 KN/m3 | 14.3 KN/m3 | |||||
| UCS | 1.9 MPa | ||||||
| 24% | Fly Ash -b | Oxford Clay | Lime | 24% FA and 90-day curing |
|||
| OMC | 25% | 28.10% | |||||
| MDD | 14.9 KN/m3 | 13.7 KN/m3 | |||||
| UCS | 1.5 MPa | ||||||
| 24% | Fly Ash -a | Oxford Clay | Lime | 24% FA and 28-day curing |
|||
| OMC | 25% | 26.90% | |||||
| MDD | 14.9 KN/m3 | 14.3 KN/m3 | |||||
| UCS | 1.4 MPa | ||||||
| 24% | Fly Ash -b | Oxford Clay | Lime | 24% FA and 28-day curing |
|||
| OMC | 25% | 28.10% | |||||
| MDD | 14.9 KN/m3 | 13.7 KN/m3 | |||||
| UCS | 1.2 MPa | ||||||
| 12% | Fly Ash -a | Oxford Clay | Lime | 12% FA and 90-day curing |
|||
| OMC | 25% | 26.70% | |||||
| MDD | 14.9 KN/m3 | 14.4 KN/m3 | |||||
| UCS | 1.7 MPa | ||||||
| 12% | Fly Ash -b | Oxford Clay | Lime | 12% FA and 90-day curing |
|||
| OMC | 25% | 27.40% | |||||
| MDD | 14.9 KN/m3 | 14.0 KN/m3 | |||||
| UCS | 1.4 MPa | ||||||
| 12% | Fly Ash -a | Oxford Clay | Lime | 12% FA and 28-day curing |
|||
| OMC | 25% | 26.70% | |||||
| MDD | 14.9 KN/m3 | 14.4 KN/m3 | |||||
| UCS | 1.3 MPa | ||||||
| 12% | Fly Ash -b | Oxford Clay | Lime | 12% FA and 28-day curing |
|||
| OMC | 25% | 27.40% | |||||
| MDD | 14.9 KN/m3 | 14.0 KN/m3 | |||||
| UCS | 1.2 MPa | ||||||
OMC - Optimum Moisture Content.
MDD - Maximum Dry Density.
CBR - California Bearing Ratio.
UCS - Unconfined Compressive Strength.
CS - Compressive Strength.
SH - Sodium Hydroxide.
SS - Sodium Silicate.
LL - Liquid Limit.
ML - Low Plasticity Silt.
CL - Low Plasticity Clay.
MH - High Plasticity Silt.
CH - High Plasticity Clay.
SM - Silty Sand.
SC - Clayey Sand.
G - Gravel.