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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet Neurol. 2016 Nov 18;16(1):66–75. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30328-3

Table 2.

Analyses of the association between baseline clinical features and biomarkers with change of MoCA scores over 2 years and with MoCA score at 2 years in patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson’s disease

Change in MoCA score
MoCA follow-up score at 2 year follow-up
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
Coefficient p value Coefficient p value Coefficient p value Coefficient p value
Demographic and clinical characteristics
Age 0·061 0·0001* 0·045 0·01 −0·106 <0·0001* −0·049 0·003*
Sex
 Women Ref Ref
 Men 0·167 0·61 .. .. −0·764 0·03* .. ..
Education −0·059 0·28 .. .. 0·064 0·30 .. ..
Disease duration −0·034 0·13 .. .. −0·001 0·96 .. ..
Motor subtype
 Tremor-dominant Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Postural instability and gait difficulty 0·268 0·57 .. .. −0·047 0·96 .. ..
 Indeterminate 0·585 .. 0·172 ..
MoCA baseline score 0·667 <0·0001* 0·572 <0·0001*
GDS score 0·070 0·25 .. .. −0·063 0·35 .. ..
MDS-UPDRS motor score 0·038 0·03* .. .. −0·068 0·0004* .. ..
UPSIT score −0·064 0·001* −0·035 0·08 0·089 <0·0001* 0·045 0·01
RBDSQ score 0·075 0·15* .. .. −0·078 0·18* .. ..
APOE, CSF, and DAT imaging markers
APOE ε4 status
 No APOE ε4 allele Ref Ref Ref
 Heterozygous 0·740 0·03* 0·658 0·01 −0·532 0·33 .. ..
 Homozygous 2·240 3·701 −1·047 .. ..
DAT imaging (striatal binding ratio)
 Mean putaminal uptake −0·798 0·14* .. .. 1·122 0·06* .. ..
 Mean caudate uptake −0·641 0·02* .. .. 0·574 0·06* .. ..
 Putaminal asymmetry −0·470 0·21 .. .. 0·900 0·03* .. ..
 Caudate asymmetry 0·804 0·39 .. .. 0·414 0·69 .. ..
CSF markers, pg/mL
 Aβ42 −0·006 0·0002* .. .. 0·004 0·02* .. ..
 α-synuclein −0·0003 0·21 .. .. 0·0001 0·57 .. ..
 α-synuclein (participants with haemoglobin <200 ng/mL)† −0·0003 0·23 .. .. 0·0001 0·68 .. ..
 Total tau 0·019 0·03* .. .. −0·035 0·0004* .. ..
 Phosphorylated tau −0·003 0·83 .. .. −0·010 0·56 .. ..
 Aβ:tau ratio −0·197 0·0002* −0·125 0·03 0·271 <0·0001* 0·162 0·002
 Total protein 0·015 0·07* .. .. −0·018 0·05* .. ..

Ref=reference. MoCA=Montreal Cognitive Assessment. GDS=Geriatric Depression Scale. MDS-UPDRS=Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. UPSIT=University of Pennsylvania Smell Inventory Test. RBDSQ=Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder Screening Questionnaire. DAT=dopamine transporter.

*

Included in multivariate linear regression analysis (p<0·2).

†

n=302.