Table 3.
Characteristics of the patients with Parkinson’s disease with or without cognitive impairment at 2 year follow-up
| Patients without cognitive impairment at 2 years (n=262) | Patients with cognitive impairment at 2 years (n=52) | p value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical characteristics | |||
|
| |||
| Age, years | 60·2 (9·9) | 66·1 (7·8) | <0·0001 |
| Men | 170 (65%) | 38 (73%) | 0·25† |
| Education, years | 15·7 (2·6) | 14·6 (3·8) | 0·06 |
| Disease duration, months | 4 (2–8) | 4 (2·5–9) | 0·84‡ |
| MoCA score | 27·3 (2·3) | 26·9 (2·4) | 0·38 |
| GDS score‡ | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0·03 |
| MDS-UPDRS motor score | 20·4 (8·4) | 23·2(10·4) | 0·04 |
| UPSIT score | 22·9 (8·0) | 17·5 (8·4) | <0·0001 |
| RBDSQ score | 5·2 (2·8) | 7·0 (3·5) | 0·0003 |
| Motor subtype | |||
| Tremor-dominant | 227 (87%) | 39 (75%) | |
| Postural instability and gait difficulty | 18 (7%) | 8 (15%) | |
| Indeterminate | 17 (7%) | 5 (10%) | 0·11† |
|
| |||
| APOE, CSF, and DAT imaging markers | |||
|
| |||
| APOE ε4 status | 0·93† | ||
| Heterozygous | 53 (22%) | 11 (25%) | |
| Homozygous | 5 (2%) | 1 (2%) | |
| DAT imaging (striatal binding ratio) | |||
| Mean putaminal uptake | 0·8 (0·3) | 0·8 (0·4) | 0·07 |
| Mean caudate uptake | 2·1 (0·5) | 1·8 (0·6) | 0·0003 |
| Putaminal asymmetry | 1·5 (0·4) | 1·4 (0·4) | 0·03 |
| Caudate asymmetry | 1·2 (0·2) | 1·15 (0·1) | 0·009 |
| CSF markers, pg/mL§ | |||
| Aβ42 | 381·6 (97·9) | 310·5 (80·9) | <0·0001 |
| α-synuclein | 1864·0 (799·2) | 1753·1 (688·5) | 0·36 |
| α-synuclein (participants with haemoglobin <200 ng/mL)¶ | 1819·9 (737·1) | 1849·5 (677·5) | 0·22 |
| Total tau | 44·5 (16·8) | 46·0 (21·1) | 0·57 |
| Phosphorylated tau | 12 (7·4) | 11·6 (10·2) | 0·49 |
| Aβ42:tau ratio | 9·4 (3·0) | 7·8 (3·1) | 0·0006 |
| Total protein | 42·9 (18·9) | 48·9 (23·7) | 0·06 |
Data are mean (SD), median (IQR), or n (%). MoCA=Montreal Cognitive Assessment. GDS=Geriatric Depression Scale. MDS-UPDRS=Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. UPSIT=University of Pennsylvania Smell Inventory Test. RBDSQ=Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behaviour Disorder Screening Questionnaire. DAT=dopamine transporter.
*
Wilcoxon test.
†
χ2 test.
‡
Non-parametric statistics (median, IQR, Mann-Whitney test).
§
Patients without cognitive impairment at 2 years (n=255); patients with cognitive impairment at 2 years (n=50).
¶
n=302.