Table 2.

Cost-effectiveness of tramadol and tramadol + oxycodone under base case assumptions

Sequence	QALE	Cost	ICER	% TKA Utilization	Time to TKA (years)
Opioid-Sparing	11.49	$130,300		66%	6
Tramadol	11.47	$131,000	Dominated	63%	13
Tramadol + Oxycodone	11.49	$134,900	Dominated	59%	16

Time to TKA is reported as the number of years between ending conservative therapies and receiving primary TKA. A strategy that leads to greater costs without clinical benefit is termed Dominated.

Abbreviations: QALE, quality-adjusted life expectancy; ICER, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; TKA, total knee arthroplasty