Table 5. Energy and nutrient intake (mean & SE) among women from “Bus Santé” study, Geneva, Switzerland, years 2005–2012, by socioeconomic status indicator, multivariable adjusted.
| Education | Income | Occupation | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 699) | Medium (n = 893) | High (n = 1043) | p | Low (n = 597) | Medium (n = 998) | High (n = 782) | p | Low (n = 678) | High (n = 1822) | p | |
| TEI (kcal/d) | 1704 (25.2) | 1725 (22.5) | 1759 (20.4) | 0.26 | 1715 (27.1) | 1736 (19.2) | 1745 (22.5) | 0.71 | 1792 (26.6) | 1714 (14.9) | 0.01 |
| Macronutrients (g/d) | |||||||||||
| Total proteins | 68.6 (0.7) | 68.5 (0.6) | 67.4 (0.5) | 0.32 | 67.1 (0.7) | 67.9 (0.5) | 68.9 (0.6) | 0.16 | 67.4 (0.7) | 68.3 (0.4) | 0.29 |
| Animal protein | 47.9 (0.7) | 47.6 (0.7) | 45.8 (0.6) | 0.07 | 45.8 (0.8) | 46.7 (0.6) | 47.9 (0.7) | 0.13 | 46.1 (0.8) | 47.2 (0.4) | 0.26 |
| Vegetable protein | 20.7 (0.2) | 20.9 (0.2) | 21.6 (0.2) | * | 21.4 (0.3) | 21.2 (0.2) | 21 (0.2) | 0.55 | 21.3 (0.3) | 21.1 (0.1) | 0.52 |
| Total carbohydrates | 201 (1.7) | 200 (1.5) | 203 (1.4) | 0.44 | 206 (1.8) | 202 (1.3) | 197 (1.5) | * | 206 (1.8) | 200 (1.0) | * |
| Sugars | 101 (1.6) | 98.3 (1.4) | 99.8 (1.3) | 0.41 | 104 (1.7) | 99.7 (1.2) | 96.8 (1.4) | 0.01 | 103 (1.7) | 98.7 (0.9) | 0.05 |
| Polysaccharides | 99.5 (1.5) | 101.4 (1.4) | 103 (1.2) | 0.33 | 102 (1.6) | 102 (1.2) | 100 (1.4) | 0.51 | 104 (1.6) | 101 (0.9) | 0.14 |
| Fibre | 15.7 (0.3) | 16 (0.2) | 16.8 (0.2) | * | 16.4 (0.3) | 16.3 (0.2) | 16.1 (0.2) | 0.65 | 16.5 (0.3) | 16.2 (0.2) | 0.33 |
| Total fats | 68.2 (0.6) | 69 (0.5) | 68.1 (0.5) | 0.4 | 67.2 (0.6) | 68.2 (0.5) | 69.5 (0.5) | 0.03 | 67.1 (0.6) | 68.9 (0.4) | 0.02 |
| SFA | 24.2 (0.3) | 24.3 (0.2) | 23.8 (0.2) | 0.25 | 23.5 (0.3) | 24.1 (0.2) | 24.4 (0.2) | 0.08 | 23 (0.3) | 24.4 (0.2) | ** |
| MUFA | 28.2 (0.3) | 28.8 (0.3) | 28.6 (0.3) | 0.41 | 27.7 (0.4) | 28.5 (0.3) | 29.3 (0.3) | * | 28.1 (0.4) | 28.7 (0.2) | 0.14 |
| PUFA | 9.7 (0.1) | 9.8 (0.1) | 9.5 (0.1) | 0.17 | 9.9 (0.1) | 9.5 (0.1) | 9.7 (0.1) | 0.16 | 9.9 (0.1) | 9.6 (0.1) | 0.10 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 290 (6.4) | 290 (5.7) | 298 (5.2) | 0.58 | 297 (6.9) | 298 (4.9) | 286 (5.7) | 0.28 | 282 (6.8) | 298 (3.8) | 0.04 |
| Micronutrients | |||||||||||
| Calcium (mg/d) | 990.1 (16.2) | 975.7 (14.5) | 979.6 (13.1) | 0.79 | 971.6 (17.4) | 986.3 (12.4) | 981.1 (14.5) | 0.79 | 934.7 (17.1) | 997.1 (9.6) | * |
| Iron (mg/d) | 9.9 (0.1) | 9.9 (0.1) | 9.9 (0.1) | 0.68 | 9.8 (0.1) | 9.9 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | 0.15 | 9.9 (0.1) | 9.9 (0.0) | 0.79 |
| Retinol (μg/d) | 488 (26.7) | 434 (23.7) | 453 (21.5) | 0.30 | 474 (28.6) | 473 (20.3) | 422 (23.7) | 0.23 | 472 (28.1) | 451 (15.7) | 0.52 |
| Carotene (μg/d) | 4222 (158) | 4619 (141) | 4870 (128) | * | 4733 (170) | 4593 (121) | 4577 (141) | 0.76 | 4690 (167) | 4596 (93) | 0.64 |
| Vitamin D (μg/d) | 2.7 (0.1) | 2.7 (0.1) | 2.9 (0.1) | 0.29 | 2.8 (0.1) | 2.7 (0.1) | 2.8 (0.1) | 0.67 | 2.5 (0.1) | 2.9 (0.0) | * |
Mean and standard error of the mean from ANOVA adjusted for age, survey year, smoking, BMI, nationality, and other SES indicators (education, income, occupation), and total energy intake. Education: low, primary education or apprenticeship; medium, secondary education; high, tertiary education. Income: low, <5000 CHF (1 CHF = 1.01 USD or 0.91 EUR as of 24.02.2016); medium, 5000 to 9499 CHF; high, ≥9500 CHF. Occupation: low, blue collar; high, white collar. SE, standard error of the mean; TEI, Total energy intake in calories per day; SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids. Mean values were significantly different across groups:
*P<0.01
**P<0.001.