Table 4. Variables associated with suboptimal ART adherence.

Variables		Missed ART in last 3 months		OR1	95% CI2	P-value
		≥3 (n = 78)n	<3 (n = 444) n
Socio-demographic
Not currently in a relationship	No	17	207
	Yes	61	237	3.1	1.8–5.5	<0.001
Born in Australia	No	15	186
	Yes	63	258	3.0	1.7–5.5	<0.001
Living alone	No	35	276
	Yes	43	168	2.0	1.2–3.3	0.004
Living in subsidized housing	No	56	362
	Yes	22	82	1.7	1.0–3.0	0.047
Living outside of an urban area	No	62	391
	Yes	16	53	1.9	1.0–3.5	0.039
HIV transmission route other than male-to-male sexual intercourse	No	57	370
	Yes	21	74	1.9	1.1–3.2	0.030
Finances and employment
Medicare safety net* reached in previous 12 months	No	49	343
	Yes	29	101	2.1	1.2–3.7	0.009
Having no private health insurance	No	22	199
	Yes	56	245	2.1	1.2–3.5	0.006
Income ≤$580 per week	No	28	233
	Yes	50	211	2.0	1.2–3.2	0.007
Unemployed	No	36	260
	Yes	42	184	1.8	1.1–2.9	0.019
Required financial assistance in the previous 12 months	No	39	346
	Yes	39	98	3.5	2.1–5.8	<0.001
Going without for financial reasons (food, rent, etc.)	No	43	365
	Yes	35	79	3.8	2.3–6.3	<0.001
Cost was a barrier to accessing HIV healthcare	No	61	390
	Yes	17	54	2	1.1–3.7	0.022
ART pharmacy expenditure </ = sample mean monthly ART expenditure	No	22	187
	Yes	56	257	1.9	1.1–3.1	0.021
HIV healthcare and treatment access
Primary HIV care provided by a general practitioner	No	44	304
	Yes	34	140	1.7	1.0–2.7	0.037
Receives home care services	No	70	438
	Yes	8	6	8.3	2.8–24.8	<0.001
Receives drug and alcohol services	No	74	439
	Yes	4	5	4.7	1.2–18.1	0.012
Linked to HIV community organisation(s)	No	56	389
	Yes	22	55	2.8	1.6–4.9	<0.001
Required other healthcare specialists in previous 12 months	No	21	180
	Yes	57	264	1.9	1.1–3.2	0.023
Other healthcare providers were involved in HIV management	No	16	182
	Yes	62	262	2.7	1.5–4.8	0.001
Having difficulty with ART pharmacy access	No	67	423
	Yes	11	21	3.3	1.5–7.2	0.001
Physical health
Self-rated health status as poor/very poor	No	56	378
	Yes	22	66	2.3	1.3–3.9	0.004
>1 bed days for illness in previous 12 months	No	23	215
	Yes	55	229	2.5	1.5–4.4	0.001
≥1 unscheduled doctor visits	No	17	147
	Yes	61	297	1.8	1.0–3.3	0.045
≥1 overnight hospitalization in previous 12 months	No	54	360
	Yes	24	84	1.9	1.1–3.3	0.017
Hepatitis co-infection	No	61	393
	Yes	17	51	2.1	1.2–4.0	0.013
HIV diagnosis prior to 1996	No	38	271
	Yes	40	173	1.7	1.0–2.7	0.034
Mental Health
Major depressive disorder	No	49	386
	Yes	29	58	3.9	2.3–6.7	<0.001
Alcohol and drug use (at least monthly)
Cigarette smoking	No	42	337
	Yes	36	107	2.7	1.6–4.4	<0.001
Marijuana	No	52	376
	Yes	26	68	2.8	1.6–4.7	<0.001
Benzodiazepine	No	63	420
	Yes	15	24	4.2	2.1–8.4	<0.001
Injected speed	No	70	432
	Yes	8	12	4.1	1.6–10.4	0.001
Injected methamphetamines	No	71	428
	Yes	7	16	2.6	1.0–6.6	0.033
Opiate use	No	74	437
	Yes	4	7	3.4	1.0–11.8	0.044
Life stressors
Major stressful event in the previous 12 months	No	20	211
	Yes	58	233	2.6	1.5–4.5	<0.001
HIV disclosure and stigma
Have felt shamed/excluded /having awkward interactions since HIV diagnosis	No	21	197
	Yes	57	247	2.2	1.3–3.7	0.004
ART regimen, side effects, consistent use and dose adherence
ART initiation prior to 2004	No	30	245
	Yes	48	199	2.1	1.3–3.4	0.004
ART side effects	No	25	200
	Yes	53	244	1.7	1.0–2.9	0.033
On a multiple-tablet ART regimen	No	15	143
	Yes	63	301	2.0	1.1–3.6	0.021
Greater than once-daily ART dosing	No	40	295
	Yes	38	149	1.8	1.2–3.1	0.010
Feeling uninformed about ART when starting	No	65	414
	Yes	13	30	2.7	1.4–5.5	0.004
Starting ART following patient request	No	61	397
	Yes	17	47	2.3	1.3–4.3	0.006
ART-related necessity concerns
Necessity concerns score > sample mean	No	30	247
	Yes	48	197	2	1.2–3.3	0.005
Non-ART medication consistent use and adherence
Concomitant medication pill burden >2 pills per day	No	31	249
	Yes	47	195	1.9	1.2–3.2	0.008
Quality of Life
PRO-QOL HIV score > sample mean	No	27	271
	Yes	51	173	3	1.8–4.9	<0.001

¹Odds Ratio

²95% Confidence Interval

*whereby medical costs—including pharmaceutical co-payments, are capped after reaching an annual threshold