. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Pediatr. 2017 Feb 8;183:56–66.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.12.072

Table III.

Infant and maternal factors related to auditory exposure; concurrent environmental factors related to auditory exposure

	Type of sound related to infant and maternal factors Pearson correlation coefficients P value for correlation
	Meaningful words	Distant words	Electronic	Silence	Noise	Adult word count	Peak decibels	Average decibels
Estimated gestational age	0.21	.07	.09	.19	−.14	.18	−.004	−.004
Estimated gestational age	.003	.31	.18	.008	.049	.014	.96	.96
Birthweight	.23	.11	.10	.28	−.16	.23	−.10	−.08
Birthweight	.003	.13	.17	<.0001	.03	.001	.15	.31
Breastmilk at discharge	.12	.02	.03	.20	−.10	.05	.08	−.15
Breastmilk at discharge	.10	.76	.66	.006	.16	.52	.25	.08
PDA	−.20	−.13	−.15	−.24	.13	−.18	−.03	−.04
PDA	.006	.08	.04	.0008	.07	.01	.73	.63
Days on high frequency oscillator	−.14	−.08	−.09	−.25	.26	−.10	.11	.08
Days on high frequency oscillator	.06	.31	.23	.0008	.0003	.18	.13	.33
Cesarean delivery	−.11	.09	−.05	−.23	.13	−.11	.05	.06
Cesarean delivery	.14	.24	.47	.002	.07	.13	.51	.50

	Type of sound related to concurrent environmental factors Pearson correlation coefficients P value for correlation
	Meaningful words	Distant words	Electronic	Silence	Noise	Adult word count	Peak decibels	Average decibels

Bed type, incubator	−.55	.16	−.41	−.24	.43	−.57	−.07	.20
Bed type, incubator	<.0001	.026	<.0001	.0008	<.0001	<.0001	.35	.02
Any pumps present	−.28	−.003	−.11	−.15	.13	−.22	−.08	.11
Any pumps present	<.0001	.96	.12	.03	.08	.002	.31	.23
Number of pumps	−.32	.04	−.28	−.34	.32	−.30	.04	.30
Number of pumps	<.0001	.59	.0003	<.0001	<.0001	.0001	.69	.002
CPAP	−.085	.16	.02	−.02	−.19	−.12	−.02	.05
CPAP	.24	.03	.82	.80	.008	.09	.76	.55
Mechanical vent	−.43	−.16	−.24	−.40	.41	−.30	−.07	.23
Mechanical vent	<.0001	.03	.0008	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001	.40	.009
Oscillator	−.17	−.12	−.17	−.22	.18	−.21	.08	.002
Oscillator	.02	.10	.02	.002	.01	.003	.29	.98
Nasal cannula	.26	.03	.047	.20	.06	.17	−.02	−.25
Nasal cannula	.0002	.67	.51	.004	.37	.02	.77	.004
Parent present	.18	−.05	.12	.14	−.19	.19	.005	−.03
Parent present	.013	.53	.09	.05	.008	.009	.95	.75
Parent held infant	.29	−.006	.24	.16	−.19	.27	.13	−.25
Parent held infant	.0008	.95	.005	.07	.03	.002	.15	.02
Number of times held	.42	.15	.26	.12	−.32	.40	.13	−.38
Number of times held	<.0001	.15	.01	.28	.003	<.0001	.15	.003
Private room	.07	−.22	−.04	.18	−.04	−.002	−.01	−.14
Private room	.35	.002	.54	.01	.56	.98	.88	.09

CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus.