Figure 3. Effect of kaempferol on the mRNA expression level of (A) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and (C) placenta growth factor (PGF) in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) treated with high glucose (25 mM) alone or high glucose plus kaempferol (25 µM) for 24 h by qRT-PCR. Protein concentrations of VEGF (B) and PGF (D) in the media were measured by ELISA. Data are reported as means±SD (n=3). *P<0.05 compared to 5 mM; ^#P<0.05 compared to 25 mM (one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett's multiple comparison test).