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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Neurosci. 2017 Feb 27;45(7):952–963. doi: 10.1111/ejn.13535

Table 2.

PRIMARY INSTRUMENT OTHER INSTRUMENTS
Instrument (overall proficiency rating) Sight-reading proficiency Improvisation proficiency Instrument (proficiency rating) Format(s) of training Years of musical practice
Voice (6) 4 6 Piano (3) Private 15
Voice (8) 6 8 Piano (3) Private, group 15
Voice (8) 8 8 Guitar (6), Drums (6), Bass (3), Piano (2) Private, group, self-taught 15
Voice (7) 7 4 Piano (1) Private, group 7
Voice (8) 7 4 Group 12
Voice (7) 8 5 Piano (3) Private, group, self-taught 17
Voice (10) 6 8 Flute (8) Private, group 13
Voice (9) 10 10 Bass (5), piano (4), percussion (5), guitar (6) Private, group, self-taught 20
Voice (10) 8 7 Piano (4) Private, group 19
Voice (8) 2 8 Trombone (3), harmonica (3) Private, group, self-taught 20
Voice (8) 9 8 Piano (5) Private 16
Voice (10) 7 10 Piano (5) Group, self-taught 14
Voice (7) 5 7 Piano (2) Private, group 9
Voice (9) 8 6 Piano (6), flute (5), violin (3) Private, self-taught 19
Voice (9) 9 8 Guitar (9), drums (7), piano (6) Private, self-taught 21
Voice (10) 10 7 Guitar (5), piano (4) Private, group, self-taught 25
Voice (9) 8 7 Piano (5) Private, group, self-taught 14
Voice (9) 10 8 Private, group 23
Voice (8) 2 4 Guitar (8), banjo (5), saxophone (5), bass (5) Private, self-taught 22
Voice (7) 9 6 Piano (2) Suzuki, private 13
Voice (5) 3 6 Trombone (6) Private, group 10
Drum set (9) 8 9 Piano, cello Private, group, suzuki 13
Drum set (7) 7 6 Private, group, self-taught 8
Snare drum, Drum set (10) 1 6 Private, group 10
Drum set (8) 2 9 Guitar (8), piano (2) Private, self-taught 24
Percussion (10) 7 7 Private 16
Drum set, percussion (6) 8 2 Private, group 8
Drum set, percussion (9) 6 7 Private, self-taught 11
Percussion (9) 7 6 Private 22
Drum set (10) 8 10 Guitar (5) Group, self-taught 10
Percussion (9) 8 5 private, group 17
Drum set, mallets, percussion (10) 5 7 Voice (6), piano (4) Private, self-taught 20
Drum set (8) 2 9 Guitar (8) Private, self-taught 32
Drum set (9) 7 10 Guitar (7), Piano (6), Bass (5) Private, mostly self-taught 19
Drum set (10) 8 10 Guitar (4), piano (5) Private, group, self-taught 26
Drum set (10) 9 9 Piano (5), guitar (6), voice (4) Private, group, self-taught 24
Percussion (10) 8 10 Private 15
Drum set (10) 10 3 Private, group 14
Percussion (9) 6 4 Piano (2), voice (1) Self-taught, Suzuki 11
Drum set, percussion (7) 9 8 Piano (4) Private, group, self-taught 14
Drum set (7), percussion (5) 8 10 Private 10
Percussion (8) 5 10 Voice (4), occarina (2) Self-taught, group 9
Non-musician n/a n/a Piano (1), trumpet (1) Group 1
Non-musician n/a n/a Piano (1) Private 1
Non-musician n/a n/a Trumpet (1) Group 1
Non-musician n/a n/a Trumpet (4) Group 2
Non-musician n/a n/a Piano (3) Private 2
Non-musician n/a n/a Guitar (1) Private 2
Non-musician n/a n/a Piano (3), trumpet (3) Private, group 3
Non-musician n/a n/a Piano (2) Private 3
Non-musician n/a n/a Clarinet (7) Group 3
Non-musician n/a n/a Sax (4), piano (2) Private 3
Non-musician n/a n/a Handbell (2), voice (2) Group 4