Table 1.
DSM-5 Symptom Cluster and Number |
DSM-5 Symptoms | Abbreviation | Discovery Sample |
PTSD-MDD | PTSD +MDD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | Intrusive distressing thoughts or memories |
Mem | X | X | X |
B2 | Distressing dreamsa | Drm | X | ||
B3 | Dissociative flashbacksa | Fls | X | ||
B4 | Psychological distress | Ups | X | X | |
B5 | Physiological reactions | Phy | |||
C1 | Efforts to avoid thoughts/memoriesa | Avm | X | X | |
C2 | Efforts to avoid external remindersa | Avx | X | ||
D1 | Inability to recall features of the trauma | Amn | |||
D2 | Negative beliefs | Blf | |||
D3 | Distorted blaming of oneself or others | Blm | |||
D4 | Persistent negative emotional state | Neg | X | X | X |
D5 | Diminished interest in activities | Anh | X | ||
D6 | Detachment from others | Cut | |||
D7 | Inability to experience positive emotions | Pos | X | X | X |
E1 | Irritable behavior | Irr | |||
E2 | Self-destructive or reckless behavior | Rsk | |||
E3 | Hypervigilancea | Hyp | X | X | |
E4 | Exaggerated startle responsea | Str | |||
E5 | Problems with concentration | Cnc | |||
E6 | Sleep disturbance | Slp |
Note. Results are presented for the full sample. PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; MDD = major depressive disorder; PTSD-MDD = subgroup of participants who met criteria for PTSD but not MDD; PTSD+MDD = subgroup of participants who met criteria for PTSD and MDD. X = symptom was in the top 6 items on a given centrality measure.
symptoms proposed for inclusion in the International Classification of Disease (ICD)-11.