. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Surg Endosc. 2016 Oct 3;31(6):2509–2519. doi: 10.1007/s00464-016-5253-7

Table 5.

Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications

Grade	Definition
I	Any postoperative complication that does not require interventions
I	Superficial SSI, acute renal failure, renal insufficiency, neurologic deficit/peripheral nerve injury
II	Postoperative complications requiring pharmacologic interventions
	Deep incisional SSI, organ/space SSI, wound disruption/dehiscence, deep
	Venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, urinary tract infection
	Transfusion, sepsis
III	Postoperative complications requiring surgical, radiologic, or endoscopic interventions
III	Reoperation
IV	Life-threatening complications requiring intensive care unit management
	Ventilator >48 h, reintubation/unplanned intubation, septic shock
	Myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, coma, progressive renal failure
V	Complications leading to death
V	Death