Table 2-2.
Means on non-cognitive outcomes by moderating characteristic and only children.
| Non-cognitive outcomes | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWB | ASE | ASC | AM1 | AM2 | ||||||||
| Variable | N | %O | O | NO | O | NO | O | NO | O | NO | O | NO |
| Full sample | 5,750 | 32 | 0.18 | −0.08 | 0.17 | −0.08 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.12 | −0.05 | −0.002 | 0.003 |
| GENDER | ||||||||||||
| Boys | 3,025 | 35 | 0.17* | −0.10* | 0.27* | −0.004* | 0.22* | −0.02* | 0.14* | −0.04* | 0.05 | 0.06 |
| Girls | 2,725 | 28 | 0.19* | −0.06* | 0.03 | −0.16 | 0.11* | −0.14* | 0.09 | −0.07 | −0.08 | −0.05 |
| REGION | ||||||||||||
| Rural | 3,114 | 12 | −0.15 | −0.14 | −0.07 | −0.14 | −0.02 | −0.10 | −0.07 | −0.09 | −0.04 | −0.01 |
| Urban | 2,462 | 56 | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.22* | −0.05* | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.004 | 0.03 |
| FATHER'S EDUCATION | ||||||||||||
| Lower-educated | 2,860 | 14 | −0.09 | −0.16 | −0.11 | −0.13 | −0.11 | −0.1 | −0.08 | −0.09 | −0.02 | 0.005 |
| Middle-educated | 1,369 | 32 | 0.13 | 0.008 | 0.11 | −0.01 | 0.08 | −0.03 | 0.08 | −0.02 | 0.06 | 0.001 |
| Higher-educated | 1,431 | 66 | 0.33 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.03 | 0.36 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.03 | −0.04 | −0.03 |
| MOTHER'S EDUCATION | ||||||||||||
| Lower-educated | 3,258 | 13 | −0.06 | −0.14 | −0.07 | −0.12 | −0.08 | −0.12 | −0.07 | −0.08 | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Middle-educated | 1,162 | 39 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.001 | 0.11 | −0.01 | 0.13 | 0.003 | 0.04* | −0.002* |
| Higher-educated | 1,248 | 72 | 0.34 | 0.14 | 0.3 | 0.05 | 0.35 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.05 | −0.03 | −0.02 |
| PARENTS' EXPECTATION | ||||||||||||
| Lower-expected | 716 | 17 | −0.33 | −0.32 | −0.13 | −0.32 | −0.38 | −0.37 | −0.11 | −0.23 | 0.09 | −0.02 |
| Middle-expected | 1,829 | 29 | 0.11* | −0.12* | 0.03* | −0.15* | −0.04 | −0.18 | 0.03* | −0.09* | 0.05 | 0.03 |
| Higher-expected | 3,078 | 37 | 0.29* | 0.02* | 0.26* | 0.03* | 0.35* | 0.08* | 0.20* | 0.02* | −0.04 | −0.01 |
| SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS | ||||||||||||
| Lower-income | 2,577 | 18 | −0.09 | −0.18 | −0.03 | −0.16 | −0.08 | −0.13 | −0.05 | −0.11 | 0.02 | −0.01 |
| Middle-income | 1,962 | 41 | 0.3* | −0.005* | 0.18 | −0.03 | 0.24* | −0.04* | 0.16* | −0.006* | −0.02* | 0.006* |
| Higher-income | 1,048 | 47 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.33 | 0.07 | 0.34 | −0.02 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.001 | 0.02 |
| FAMILY STRUCTURE | ||||||||||||
| Broken | 1,174 | 33 | 0.01 | −0.10 | 0.02 | −0.13 | −0.11 | −0.15 | −0.07 | −0.10 | 0.007 | 0.03 |
| Intact | 4,578 | 31 | 0.24* | −0.06* | 0.21* | −0.07* | 0.24* | −0.06* | 0.19* | −0.04* | −0.004* | −0.01* |
O, only children; NO, non-only children; SWB, school well-being; ASE, academic self-efficacy; ASC, academic self-concept; AM1, Internal academic motivation; AM2, External academic motivation. Tests of variances homogeneity were used to rule out groups with different variances. Statistically significant differences were noted with asterisks (p < 0.01). Independent-samples t-tests were used to examine mean-level differences in the standardized non-cognitive outcomes by only-child status. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05 and Cohen's d > 0.20) were noted in italics.