Table 3-1.
Only children on the cognitive outcomes from separate regressions stratified by gender, region, parental education, parental expectations, family socio-economic status, and family structure.
| Cognitive outcome (three districts) | Cognitive outcome (one district) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Chinese | Mathematics | Chinese | Mathematics |
| Full sample | 0.04* (0.03) | 0.03* (0.04) | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.001 (0.03) |
| GENDER | ||||
| Boys | 0.02 (0.05) | −0.01 (0.05) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) |
| Girls | 0.07* (0.05) | 0.10*** (0.05) | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) |
| REGION | ||||
| Rural | [−0.03 (0.07)] | [−0.03 (0.07)] | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.003 (0.03) |
| Urban | [0.07*** (0.04)] | [0.07** (0.04)] | 0.004 (0.05) | −0.04 (0.05) |
| FATHER'S EDUCATION | ||||
| Lower-educated | 0.01 (0.07) | [−0.02 (0.07)] | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.003 (0.03) |
| Middle-educated | 0.02 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.07) | −0.06 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) |
| Higher-educated | 0.06* (0.05) | [0.08** (0.05)] | −0.07 (0.07) | −0.07 (0.07) |
| MOTHER'S EDUCATION | ||||
| Lower-educated | [−0.01 (0.06)] | [−0.02 (0.07)] | [0.02 (0.03)] | 0.01 (0.03) |
| Middle-educated | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.06) | [−0.13* (0.05)] | −0.01 (0.05) |
| Higher-educated | [0.07* (0.05)] | [0.09** (0.05)] | −0.08 (0.07) | 0.31* (0.06) |
| PARENTAL EXPECTATIONS | ||||
| Lower-expected | −0.03 (0.15) | [−0.07 (0.14)] | 0.003 (0.07) | 0.002 (0.08) |
| Middle-expected | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.06) | −0.05 (0.05) | −0.05 (0.05) |
| Higher-expected | 0.04 (0.04) | [0.07** (0.04)] | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) |
| SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS | ||||
| Lower-income | −0.01 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) |
| Middle-income | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) | −0.10 (0.05) | −0.04 (0.05) |
| Higher-income | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.21 (0.15) | 0.01 (0.15) |
| FAMILY STRUCTURE | ||||
| Broken | 0.01 (0.08) | [−0.08 (0.08)] | −0.05 (0.06) | −0.01 (0.05) |
| Intact | 0.04* (0.04) | [0.07** (0.04)] | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.004 (0.03) |
Values are beta coefficients of only child status on cognitive outcomes in a series of regression models. Standard errors (SE) are in parentheses. All regressions control for grade, region, three-generation family, boarding condition, gender, parental education, parental expectations, socio-economic status, and family structure. Results of three districts from Chow tests found the following significant differences (p < 0.05, in the square brackets): urban vs. rural for Chinese and mathematics; about father's educational level, higher- vs. lower- educated for mathematics, about mother's education level, higher- vs. lower- educated for Chinese and mathematics; about parental expectations, higher- vs. low-ranking for mathematics, higher- vs. middle-ranking for mathematics; about family structure, broken vs. intact for mathematics. Results of one district: about mother's education level, middle- vs. lower- educated for Chinese.
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.001.