Table 3-2.
Only children on the non-cognitive outcomes from separate regressions stratified by gender, region, parental education, parental expectations, family socio-economic status, and family structure.
| Non-cognitive outcome | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | SWB | ASE | ASC | AM1 | AM2 |
| Full sample | 0.04* (0.03) | 0.03* (0.03) | 0.06*** (0.03) | 0.03* (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) |
| GENDER | |||||
| Boys | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.004 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) |
| Girls | 0.07** (0.05) | 0.06* (0.05) | 0.10*** (0.05) | 0.07** (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) |
| REGION | |||||
| Rural | [−0.01 (0.05)] | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) | −0.009 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) |
| Urban | [0.07** (0.05)] | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.08*** (0.05) | 0.06** (0.04) | −0.004 (0.03) |
| FATHER'S EDUCATION | |||||
| Lower-educated | 0.02 (0.05) | [−0.01 (0.05)] | [0.01 (0.05)] | [−0.02 (0.04)] | −0.04 (0.04) |
| Middle-educated | 0.02 (0.06) | [0.01 (0.06)] | [0.03 (0.06)] | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) |
| Higher-educated | 0.05 (0.07) | [0.08** (0.07)] | [0.1*** (0.06)] | [0.09** (0.05)] | −0.004 (0.05) |
| MOTHER'S EDUCATION | |||||
| Lower-educated | 0.01 (0.05) | [−0.02 (0.05)] | [0.007 (0.05)] | [−0.03 (0.04)] | −0.03 (0.04) |
| Middle-educated | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.06* (0.06) | 0.06*** (0.06) | [0.08* (0.05)] | 0.02 (0.05) |
| Higher-educated | 0.05 (0.07) | [0.07* (0.07)] | [0.09** (0.07)] | [0.07* (0.06)] | −0.02 (0.05) |
| PARENTAL EXPECTATIONS | |||||
| Lower-expected | −0.009 (0.09) | 0.05 (0.1) | −0.03 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.08) | 0.04 (0.08) |
| Middle-expected | 0.07* (0.06) | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.08** (0.06) | 0.05 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) |
| Higher-expected | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.06* (0.05) | 0.03 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) |
| SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS | |||||
| Lower-income | [−0.01 (0.05)] | 0.01 (0.05) | [−0.004 (0.05)] | −0.008 (0.04) | −0.002 (0.04) |
| Middle-income | [0.09* (0.06)] | 0.03 (0.06) | [0.09* (0.05)] | 0.05 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) |
| Higher-income | 0.03 (0.08) | 0.06 (0.08) | [0.09* (0.08)] | 0.07 (0.07) | −0.01 (0.06) |
| FAMILY STRUCTURE | |||||
| Broken | 0.03 (0.08) | 0.000 (0.08) | [−0.03 (0.08)] | [−0.04 (0.06)] | −0.05 (0.06) |
| Intact | 0.05* (0.04) | 0.04* (0.04) | [0.08*** (0.04)] | [0.06** (0.03)] | −0.004 (0.03) |
Values are beta coefficients of only child status on non-cognitive outcomes in a series of regression models. Standard errors (SE) are in parentheses. All regressions control for grade, region, three-generation family, boarding condition, gender, parents' education, parents' expectation, socio-economic status, and family structure. Results from Chow tests found the following significant differences (p < 0.05, in the square brackets): urban vs. rural for school well-being; about father's educational level, higher vs. middle- and lower- educated for academic self-efficacy and academic self-concept; higher- vs. lower- educated for internal academic motivation; about mother's education level, higher- vs. lower- educated for academic self-efficacy, academic self-concept and internal academic motivation; middle vs. lower-educated for internal academic motivation; about socio-economic status (SES), middle vs. low-status for school well-being, academic self-concept; higher vs. low-status for academic self-concept; about family structure, broken vs. intact family for academic self-concept and internal academic motivation.
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.001