Table 1.
The species of foodborne pathogenic bacteria with a proven VBNC state.
| Genus | Name of strains | Survival environment | Induced condition | Resuscitation condition | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gram-negative bacteria | |||||
| Aeromonas | A. hydrophila | Aquatic environments (freshwater) | Starvation, low temperature, salt stress | Liquid media with sodium pyruvate, temperature upshift | Pianetti et al., 2012 |
| Brucella | B. melitensis | Livestock | Metallic copper surfaces | – | Borkow, 2014 |
| Burkholderia | B. pseudomallei | Soil, water | High temperature, low pH, osmotic stress, UV exposure | – | Inglis and Sagripanti, 2006 |
| Campylobacter | C. coli | Intestinal tract of chicken | Starvation, low pH, low temperature | Embryonated chicken eggs | Chaveerach et al., 2003 |
| C. jejuni | Untreated water, raw milk, poultry meat | Oxygen-rich conditions, low temperature in nutrient-rich conditions | Mouse model, embryonated eggs | Chaveerach et al., 2003; Chaisowwong et al., 2012; Patrone et al., 2013; Magajna et al., 2015; Oh et al., 2015 | |
| Citrobacter | C. freundii | – | – | – | Rowan, 2004 |
| Edwardsiella | E. tarda | Freshwater and marine fish | Starvation seawater, low temperature | Chick embryos, nutrition with temperature upshift | Du et al., 2007b |
| Cronobacter | C. sakazakii | Milk product | Dry Stress | – | Barron and Forsythe, 2007 |
| Escherichia | E. coli O157:H7 EHEC | Vegetables and drinking water | Starvation, low temperature, UV exposure, high pressure carbon dioxide HPCD | Fresh Tryptic Soytone Broth, temperature upshift | Dinu and Bach, 2013; Zhao F. et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2015 |
| E. coli O104:H4 | Enugreek sprouts and seeds | Starvation copper ions or tap water | Stress relief and plated on rich agar medium | Aurass et al., 2011 | |
| E. coli ST64111 ETEC | Water environments ponds, rivers, lakes and sea | Starvation seawater and freshwater | – | Lothigius et al., 2010 | |
| E. coli H10407 EPEC | Marine environment | Starvation seawater | – | Pommepuy et al., 1996 | |
| Pseudomonas | P. fluorescens | Soil, water, poultry meat | Starvation, chemicals chlorination, high temperature | – | Peneau et al., 2007 |
| P. putida | – | – | – | Rowan, 2004 | |
| Salmonella | S. agona | Feed processing environment | Desiccation | – | Habimana et al., 2014 |
| S. choleraesuis | Intestines of pigs | Starvation | – | Bogosian et al., 1998; Hsueh et al., 2004 | |
| S. enteritidis | Poultry and eggs | Rich medium with H2O2 | M9 liquid medium with pyruvate | Braden, 2006; Morishige et al., 2013 | |
| S. enterica serovar Oranienburg | Pickled foods | Starvation 7% NaCl at 37°C | Recombinant Rpf rRpf proteins | Panutdaporn et al., 2006 | |
| S. typhi | Groundwater, vegetable surface | Low temperature, copper ions | Rich medium with 1% catalase or 3% Tween 20 | Zeng et al., 2012 | |
| S. typhimurium | Intestines of poultry, livestock and mouse | Starvation, low temperature, desiccation | Rich medium, temperature upshift | Gupte et al., 2003; Habimana et al., 2014 | |
| Shigella | S. dysenteriae | Utensils used in eating and drinking glasses | MacConkey agar with fomites, low temperature | Rich medium, temperature upshift | Rahman et al., 1996 |
| S. sonnei | Vegetable surfaces, raw ground beef | – | – | Oliver, 2005 | |
| Vibrio | V. alginolyticus | Seafood, seawater | Starvation, low temperature | Rich medium, temperature upshift | Albertini et al., 2006; Du et al., 2007a |
| V. cholera | Estuarine and brackish water | Starvation, low temperature, oxygen | Temperature upshift, co-cultivation with HT-29 cells | Rao et al., 2014; Fernández-Delgado et al., 2015; Imamura et al., 2015 | |
| V. parahaemolyticus | Estuarine water, seafood | Starvation, low temperature | Rich medium, temperature upshift | Bates and Oliver, 2004; Hung et al., 2013 | |
| V. vulnificus | Raw and undercooked shellfish, seafood | Oxidative stress, low temperature, starvation | Rich medium, temperature upshift, quorum sensing QS signal molecule AI-2 | Abe et al., 2006; Ayrapetyan et al., 2014; Rao et al., 2014 | |
| Yersinia | Y. pseudotuberculosis | Warm- blooded organisms domestic animals and birds | Starvation, low temperature | Rich medium | Pawlowski et al., 2011 |
| Y. enterocolitica | Natural water, soil, animal manure, refrigerated foods | – | – | Pawlowski et al., 2011 | |
| Gram-positive bacteria | |||||
| Bacillus | B. cereus | Soil, cereals | Pulsed electric field | – | Rowan, 2004 |
| Clostridium | C. perfringens | Crops and vegetables | – | – | Rahman and Noor, 2012 |
| Enterococcus | E. faecalis | Intestines of animals | Starvation, low temperature, high pH | Rich medium, temperature upshift | Lleo et al., 2001; Jiang et al., 2014 |
| E. faecium | Intestines of animals | Starvation, low temperature | Rich medium, broth with sodium pyruvate | Lleo et al., 2001 | |
| Listeria | L. monocytogenes | Raw food milk, meat, vegetables, sausages and seafood, ready-to-eat RTE food | Starvation, low pH, low temperature or not, chemicals food preservatives, pulsed electric field | NOT rich medium with/without sodium pyvurate, embryonated eggs | Rowan, 2004; Cappelier et al., 2007; Cunningham et al., 2009; Gião and Keevil, 2014; Xuan et al., 2017 |
| Mycobacterium | M. avium | Drinking water distribution systems, household plumbing | – | – | Radomski et al., 2010 |
| Staphylococcus | S. aureus | A wide range of environments water, dry dust and mammalian abscesses | Starvation, low temperature, antibiotic vancomycin or quinupristin/dalfopristin | Rich medium with sodium pyruvate, temperature upshift | Masmoudi et al., 2010; Pasquaroli et al., 2013, 2014; Li et al., 2016 |
“–” means unknown.