Table 1. Comparison of rRT-PCR influenza A positive samples by variable.
| Variable | Collected samples, no. (%)a | Influenza A-positive samples, no. (%)b | P-valuesc |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sample type | |||
| Oropharyngeal | 8081 (38.3%) | 2689 (33.3%) | <0.001 |
| Cloacal | 4609 (21.8%) | 857 (18.6%) | |
| Environmental (fecal) | 6395 (30.3%) | 861 (13.5%) | |
| Environmental (water) | 2011 (9.5%) | 653 (32.5%) | |
| Species | |||
| Chickens | 14 213 (67.4%) | 3276 (23.0%) | <0.001 |
| Ducks | 3426 (16.2%) | 844 (24.6%) | |
| Geese | 58 (0.3%) | 11 (19.0%) | |
| Pigeons | 1165 (5.5%) | 173 (14.8%) | |
| Quail | 2234 (10.6%) | 756 (33.8%) | |
| Bird type | |||
| Domestic | 20 958 (99.3%) | 5043 (24.1%) | <0.001 |
| Pet | 138 (0.7%) | 17 (12.3%) | |
| Bird health status | |||
| Dead | 8 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.001 |
| Healthy | 20 952 (99.3%) | 5055 (24.1%) | |
| Sick | 10 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Undetermined | 126 (0.6%) | 5 (4.0%) | |
| Domestic bird location | |||
| Backyard | 225 (1.1%) | 5 (2.2%) | <0.001 |
| Farm | 6202 (29.4%) | 597 (9.6%) | |
| LBM | 14 669 (69.5%) | 4458 (30.4%) | |
| Market type | |||
| Retail | 11 137 (75.9%) | 3332 (29.9%) | 0.027 |
| Wholesale | 3532 (24.1%) | 1126 (31.9%) | |
Abbreviation: live bird market, LBM.
Influenza A positive samples by rRT-PCR and the total number of samples for each variable collected from LBMs and farms in Bangladesh from 2008 to 2016. The numbers and percentages shown under the ‘collected samples' column represent the actual number and percentage of that category out of the total number of samples for the specified variables. The numbers and percentages shown under the ‘influenza A-positive samples' column represent the actual number and percentage of that category out of the total number of samples for the specified variables. P-values shown are based on a statistical significance of P<0.05, comparing the rates of influenza A positivity across variable categories.
Percentage of total samples collected.
Of samples within category.
By χ2-test comparing positive rates across variable categories.