Table 1. Characteristics of the Sister Study participants at baseline according to self-reported GDM status.
| Characteristic | Without GDM |
With GDM |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of GDM | 0 | 1 | ⩾2 |
| No. of participants, n % | 37 562 (95.8) | 1283 (3.3) | 353 (0.9) |
| Mean (s.d.) | |||
| Age at baseline, year | 56.1 (9.0) | 51.6 (8.2) | 51.2 (7.9) |
| BMI at baseline, kg m−2 | 27.8 (6.0) | 29.3 (7.3) | 29.7 (6.8) |
| BMI at 30–39 years old, kg m−2 | 23.2 (3.8) | 24.6 (5.1) | 25.0 (5.1) |
| Waist circumference at baseline, cm | 86.4 (14.4) | 89.7 (16.4) | 91.3 (15.7) |
| Age at menarche, year | 12.7 (1.5) | 12.6 (1.5) | 12.6 (1.7) |
| Age at first birth, year | 24.6 (5.2) | 26.4 (5.9) | 25.8 (5.3) |
| Parity | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.5 (1.2) | 2.8 (1.1) |
| Total MET-hours of physical activity, week at baseline | 51.2 (31.2) | 48.3 (31.4) | 50.9 (30.5) |
| Total MET-hours of physical activity, week at childhood and teens | 8.4 (15.5) | 9.4 (16.7) | 8.3 (13.9) |
| Proportion (%) | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 83.6 | 77.0 | 72.5 |
| Having⩾college degree | 47.4 | 49.4 | 49.6 |
| Relatively heavier at age 10 | 17.3 | 18.6 | 20.2 |
| Postmenopausal at enrolment | 68.2 | 47.7 | 49.0 |
| Having⩾2 first-degree family members with breast cancer | 27.0 | 24.4 | 23.5 |
| Having a mammogram within a year | 81.2 | 78.3 | 76.5 |
| Giving birth to a baby weighing more than 4 kg | 15.6 | 24.7 | 29.1 |
| History of gestational hypertension | 7.1 | 18.6 | 20.4 |
| History of pre-eclampsia or eclampsia | 8.1 | 15.1 | 17.6 |
| History of parental diabetes | 34.6 | 47.7 | 52.7 |
| Self-reported diabetes | 5.6 | 16.5 | 22.3 |
Abbreviations: BMI=body mass index; GDM=gestational diabetes mellitus; MET=metabolic equivalent.
Data are presented as mean (s.d.), or percentage (% within strata of GDM, except for total number of participants).