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. 2016 Nov 4;9(1):24–32. doi: 10.1038/ijos.2016.40

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Copyright © 2016 The Author(s)

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Illustration of Ca and P ion recharge and re-release. NACP-containing cement specimens were first immersed in pH 4 solution for 70 days to exhaust the ion release, as indicated by the lower left arrow. Then, the specimens were immersed in fresh pH 4 solution to confirm that the ion release was indeed exhausted, as indicated by the lower middle arrow. The exhausted specimens were recharged in a recharge solution. The recharged specimens were tested for Ca and P ion re-release for 14 days, as indicated by the lower right arrow. This constituted the first recharge/re-release cycle. This was repeated for three cycles. Ca, calcium, NACP, nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate; P, phosphorus.