Table 5.

Association of co-variate risk factors independently associated with dyslipidemia in diabetic patients

Risk factors	Hypertriglyceridemia		Hypercholesterolemia		Low HDL-C		High LDL-C
	OR (95% CI)	p value	OR (95% CI)	p value	(OR) (95% CI)	p value	OR (95% CI)	p value
Age (>55 year)	064 (0.40–1.03)	0.067	0.98 (0.63–1.54)	0.941	1.13 (0.72–1.76)	0.596	1.27 (0.77–2.09)	0.357
Male gender	1.09 (0.69–1.72)	0.720	1.29 (0.83–1.99)	0.245	1.24 (0.81–1.90)	0.324	1.65 (1.03–2.65)	0.039
BMI (>23 kg/m2)	1.00 (0.64–1.60)	0.978	1.05 (0.67–1.64)	0.829	0.75 (0.48–1.17)	0.204	1.04 (0.64–1.67)	0.888
Central obesity	1.10 (0.57–2.10)	0.781	1.14 (0.63–2.06)	0.660	4.03 (2.09–7.77)	<0.001	0.83 (0.41–1.70)	0.616
Urban resident	1.08 (0.67–1.73)	0.764	0.92 (0.59–1.44)	0.721	1.14 (0.73–1.78)	0.561	0.83 (0.50–1.36)	0.456
Current smoking	1.77 (1.03–3.02)	0.037	1.07 (0.65–1.74)	0.802	1.15 (0.71–1.87)	0.566	1.07 (0.62–1.85)	0.801
Non-vegetarian diet	1.10 (0.50–2.44)	0.815	0.89 (0.41–1.93)	0.774	0.86 (0.41–1.84)	0.705	1.25 (0.56–2.74)	0.585
Fasting hyperglycemia	1.27 (0.82–1.97)	0.282	2.44 (1.57–3.81)	0.000	3.00 (1.92–4.67)	<0.001	2.16 (1.39–3.37)	0.001
Poor glycemic control	3.86 (2.11–7.07)	<0.001	1.74 (1.09–2.77)	0.020	0.96 (0.60–1.54)	0.874	2.10 (1.12–3.91)	0.020
DM duration(>10 year)	0.65 (0.34–1.23)	0.186	1.08 (0.59–1.97)	0.813	1.12 (0.63–1.55)	0.695	0.86 (0.44–1.69)	0.663
Hypertension (HTN)	4.14 (2.40–7.16)	<0.001	1.97 (1.25–3.12)	0.004	1.93 (1.21–3.07)	0.006	1.46 (0.85–2.51)	0.175
Duration of HTN	1.04 (0.96–1.12)	0.383	1.09 (1.01–1.16)	0.020	1.01 (0.95–1.08)	0.690	1.05 (0.96–1.15)	0.272

Risk factors	High TC/HDL-C		High non-HDL-C		High ApoB		Mixed dyslipidemia
	OR (95% CI)	p value	OR (95% CI)	p value	OR (95% CI)	p value	OR (95% CI)	p value
Age (>55 year)	1.29 (0.82–2.03)	0.266	0.90 (0.53–1.54)	0.708	0.91 (0.54-1.54)	0.729	0.93 (0.47–1.86)	0.846
Male gender	1.21 (0.79–1.87)	0.383	1.70 (1.03–2.82)	0.038	1.78 (1.08-2.93)	0.023	2.18 (1.13–4.20)	0.021
BMI (>23 kg/m2)	0.86 (0.55–1.34)	0.500	0.85 (0.51–1.41)	0.527	0.88 (0.54-1.45)	0.626	1.14 ( 0.61–2.15)	0.679
Central obesity	2.51 (1.35–4.69)	0.004	0.71 (0.31–1.62)	0.422	0.88 (0.41-1.91)	0.750	1.48 (0.54–4.04)	0.448
Urban resident	1.13 (0.72–1.77)	0.602	0.85 (0.50–1.44)	0.542	0.85 (0.50-1.43)	0.530	0.85 (0.42–1.73)	0.660
Current smoking	1.74 (1.06–2.85)	0.029	1.00 (0.56–1.77)	0.989	1.00 (0.56-1.75)	0.985	0.80 (0.37–1.70)	0.562
Non-vegetarian diet	1.12 (0.52–2.41)	0.780	1.20 (0.53–2.76)	0.660	1.21 (0.53-2.77)	0.647	0.96 (0.34–2.74)	0.941
Fasting hyperglycemia	2.92 (1.86–4.57)	<0.001	2.46 (1.55–3.89)	<0.001	2.40 (1.52-3.78)	<0.001	1.76 (0.97–3.16)	0.061
Poor glycemic control	1.33 (0.83-2.15)	0.236	3.92 (1.77–8.63)	0.001	4.60 (2.08-10.01)	<0.001	5.22 (1.52–17.88)	0.009
DM duration (>10 year)	1.04 (0.57–1.90)	0.888	0.58 (0.29–1.15)	0.119	0.51 (0.26-1.02)	0.055	0.40 (0.17–0.91)	0.030
Hypertension (HTN)	2.03 (1.28–3.24)	0.003	1.85 (1.02–3.37)	0.042	1.99 (1.11-3.60)	0.022	2.18 (0.93–5.12)	0.074
Duration of HTN	1.06 (0.99–1.14)	0.081	1.09 (0.98–1.21)	0.095	1.10 (1.0-1.22)	0.056	1.12 (0.95–1.31)	0.162

Values are presented as OR (95% CI). OR = Odds ratio, CI = Confidence Interval. Coding of categorical variables-Age groups: female = 0, male = 1; Sex: female = 0, male = 1; BMI: normal = 0, increased = 1; Central obesity: absent = 0, present = 1; Place of residence: village = 0, urban = 1; Smoking habit: non-smoker = 0, current smoker = 1; Diet: vegetarian = 0, non-vegetarian = 1, Glycemic control: good (HbA1c% <7)=0,poor (HbA1c% >7)=1; Duration of diabetes: <10 years = 0, >10 years, Blood pressure: normotensive = 0, hypertensive = 1. Fasting plasma glucose and duration of diabetes were continuous variables