Table 1.
Serum and urinary functional and injury biomarkers in healthy subjects (absolute concentrations)
| Biomarkers | Median and IQR | Lower reference limit (5th centile) |
Upper reference limit (95th centile) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Serum biomarkers | |||
| Total protein (g/dl) | 6.5 (5.8–7.1) | 5.3 | 8.9 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 4.1 (3.8–4.3) | 3.2 | 5.3 |
| Creatinine | |||
| mg/dl | 0.82 (0.72–0.94) | 0.56 | 1 |
| μmol/L | 72 (64–84) | 50 | 88 |
| Cystatin C (mg/l) | 0.84 (0.78–0.88) | 0.6 | 1 |
| Urinary biomarkers | |||
| Total protein (mg/L) | 196 (161–267) | 70 | 1870 |
| Creatinine | |||
| mg/dl | 123 (54–182) | 33 | 253 |
| mmol/L | 11 (5–16) | 3 | 22 |
| Urea | |||
| mg/dl | 1432 (822–2023) | 444 | 3206 |
| mmol/l | 511 (294–722) | 159 | 1144 |
| Cystatin C (ng/ml) | 24 (11–51) | 3.8 | 94 |
| Albumin (ng/ml) | 5700 (1700–9200) | 500 | 21000 |
| NGAL (ng/ml) | 14.8 (10.2–40.3) | 3.4 | 134 |
| KIM-1 (ng/ml) | 0.57 (0.33–1.23) | 0.02 | 2.8 |
| Clusterin (ng/ml) | 217 (104–393) | 28 | 798 |
| β2M (ng/ml) | 67 (36–139) | 14.5 | 250 |
| Osteopontin (ng/ml) | 1400 (400–0.2800) | 100 | 6800 |
| TFF3 (ng/ml) | 1400 500–1500) | 200 | 3200 |
| IL-18 (pg/ml) | 53.8 (39–80) | 39 | 136 |