Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all patients and those in normal, pre-diabetes and Type 2 diabetes groups
| All patients | Normal | Pre-diabetes | Type 2 Diabetes | Not classified | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 399) | (n = 271) | (n = 57) | (n = 43) | (n = 28) | ||
| Initial HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 39 (36–40) b,c | 44 (43–46) a | 47 (46–50) a | 44 (43–47) | <0.001 KW | |
| Repeat HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 40 (38–41) b,c | 44 (43–46) a,c | 50 (48–51) a,b | <0.001 KW | ||
| Age (years) | 65 (61–79) | 64 (54–76) | 70 (60–76) | 64 (55–74) | 76 (47–82) | 0.276 KW |
| Sex (% Men) | 268 (67%) | 187 (69%) | 31 (54%) | 33 (77%) | 17/28 (61%) | 0.043 FET |
| Ethnicity: | ||||||
| Caucasian (%) | 290 (73%) | 212 (78%) c | 36 (63%) | 23 (53%) a | 19 (68%) | 0.002 FET |
| South Asian (%) | 95 (24%) | 53 (20%) c | 17 (30%) | 18 (42%) a | 7 (25%) | |
| Afro-Caribbean (%) | 14 (4%) | 6 (2%) | 4 (7%) | 2 (5%) | 2 (7%) | |
| Current Smoker (%) | 84/386 (22%) | 62/260 (24%) | 10/56 (18%) | 7/42 (17%) | 5/28 (18%) | 0.481 FET |
| Hypercholesterolaemia (%) | 162/383 (42%) | 103/257 (40%) | 28/55 (51%) | 20/43 (47%) | 11/28 (39%) | 0.295 FET |
| Cholesterol level (mmol/l) | 4.6 (3.4–5.6) | 4.4 (3.7–5.3) | 4.7 (3.6–5.2) | 4.4 (3.4–5.5) | 3.9 (3.1–5.3) | 0.974 KW |
| Hypertension (%) | 200/387 (52%) | 124/260 (48%) | 34/56 (61%) | 25/43 (58%) | 17/28 (61%) | 0.123 FET |
| PVD (%) | 22/399 (6%) | 12/267 (4%) | 3/57 (5%) | 3/43 (7%) | 3/28 (11%) | 0.674 FET |
| Previous stroke/TIA (%) | 29/399 (7%) | 19 (7%) | 3 (5%) | 4 (9%) | 3 (11%) | 0.673 FET |
| Cardiovascular disease: | ||||||
| Myocardial infarction (%) | 94/396 (24%) | 63/271 (23%) | 13/56 (23%) | 11/43 (26%) | 7/27 (26%) | 0.920 FET |
| Previous PCI (%) | 72/399 (18%) | 47 (17%) | 13 (23%) | 6 (14%) | 6 (21%) | 0.479 FET |
| Previous CABG (%) | 26/399 (7%) | 17 (6%) | 5 (9%) | 2 (5%) | 2 (7%) | 0.779 FET |
KW kruskal-wallis, FET fisher’s exact test, TIA transient ischaemic attack, PVD peripheral vascular disease, CABG coronary artery bypass graft, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention. The not classified group were excluded from the analysis. Where the comparison of the three groups is significant (p < 0.05), pairwise comparisons were performed. Pairwise comparisons for KW are adjusted for multiple comparisons, those for FET were not, therefore pairwise comparisons for FET were treated as significant only if p < 0.0167. Superscript letters (a-c) were used; (a) to mean significantly different from Normal group, (b) to mean significantly different from Pre-diabetes group and (c) to mean significantly different from Type 2 diabetes group