Table 1.
The inactivated gene, amylose content in starch, and starch crystallinity of high-amylose cereal crops.
| Species | The original AC in starch | The inactivated genes | Name of high AC line | AC in starchb | Starch crystallinity | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mutation | Down regulationa | ||||||
| Maize | 25–30% | SBEIIb | H99ae,OH43ae, B89ae, B84ae | 61.7–67.7% (I) | B | Li et al., 2008 | |
| SBEIIb (HAM) | GEMS-0067 | 88.2% (G) | B | Jiang et al., 2010b | |||
| Rice | Japonica 15.4–19.6% | SBEIIb | EM10 | 26.5% (I) | B | Nishi et al., 2001 | |
| SBEIIb (~80%) | ami-BEIIb | 41.2% (I) | B | Butardo et al., 2011 | |||
| SBEIIb (~50%) | hp-BEIIb | 34% (I) | A or C | Butardo et al., 2011 | |||
| unknown | Goami 2(G2) | 33.96% (I) | B | Kang et al., 2003 | |||
| SSIIIa | ss3a | 24.8% (G) | A | Fujita et al., 2007 | |||
| SBEIIb, SSIIIa | ss3a/be2b | 45% (G) | B | Asai et al., 2014 | |||
| Indica about 25% | SSIIIa | b10 | ~34% (I) | A | Zhou et al., 2016 | ||
| SBEI (~100%), SBEIIb (>90%) | TRS | 64.8% (I) | C | Zhu et al., 2012 | |||
| Wheat | 22.9–32.3% | SBEIIa (Tilling) | SBEIIa Mutant | 55.7% (K) | – | Slade et al., 2012 | |
| SBEIIa (most), SBEIIb (most) | hp-SBEIIa | 74.4% (G) | – | Regina et al., 2006 | |||
| SBEIIa, SBEIIb | CS2-F11 | 86.6% (G) | – | Regina et al., 2015 | |||
| Barley | 29.9–31.6% | SBEIIa (>80%) | SBEIIa− | 38% (G) | – | Regina et al., 2010 | |
| SBEIIa (>90%), SBEIIb (>80%) | SBEIIa−/ SBE IIb↓ | 67.2% (G) | – | Regina et al., 2010 | |||
| SBEIIa (>90%), SBEIIb (>95%) | SBEIIa−/ SBEIIb− | 76.2% (G) | – | Regina et al., 2010 | |||
| SBEI (87%), SBEIIa (73%), SBEIIb (74%) | SBE RNAi4.1 | 99.1% (G) | B | Carciofi et al., 2012 | |||
a
The content of parenthesis means the reduced expression of targeted genes.
b
The AC determined by iodine colorimetry, GPC, and K-AMYL kit method is labeled as (I), (G), and (K), respectively.