Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of child outcomes and fixed child and household characteristics used in the analysis by country.
| Ethiopia | India | Peru | Vietnam | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Height-for-age at 1 y (cm) | −3.75 | −3.25 | −3.22 | −2.85 | |
| (4.55) | (3.69) | (3.21) | (3.16) | ||
| Change in height-for-age between 1 y and 5 y (cm) | −2.92 | −4.40 | −3.89 | −3.42 | |
| (5.36) | (4.12) | (4.11) | (3.49) | ||
| Change in height-for-age between 5 y and 8 y (cm) | −0.01 | −0.27 | 0.76 | 0.15 | |
| (4.94) | (3.77) | (3.49) | (3.36) | ||
| Change in height-for-age between 8 y and 12 y (cm) | −4.30 | −2.86 | −1.64 | −2.05 | |
| (4.93) | (4.64) | (4.20) | (5.01) | ||
| Raw score in PPVT at age 8 y | 21.23 | 27.58 | 29.33 | 37.00 | |
| (11.84) | (21.13) | (17.67) | (18.13) | ||
| Raw score in Maths test at age 8 y | 6.59 | 12.09 | 14.32 | 18.45 | |
| (5.40) | (6.41) | (5.77) | (5.78) | ||
| Raw score in PPVT at age 12 y | 38.46 | 43.12 | 85.83 | 58.35 | |
| (8.73) | (7.86) | (17.55) | (8.23) | ||
| Raw score in Maths test at age 12 y | 37.45 | 44.14 | 55.81 | 48.02 | |
| (21.53) | (22.77) | (18.85) | (16.69) | ||
| SSS: Stunted at ages 1, 5, and 8 y | (%) | 12 | 15 | 12 | 10 |
| (n) | 214 | 276 | 217 | 185 | |
| SSN: Stunted at ages 1 and 5 y | (%) | 7 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
| (n) | 124 | 73 | 91 | 74 | |
| SNS: Stunted at ages 1 and 8 y | (%) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| (n) | 36 | 37 | 18 | 19 | |
| SNN: Stunted at age 1 y | (%) | 19 | 9 | 8 | 6 |
| (n) | 339 | 166 | 145 | 111 | |
| NSS: Stunted at ages 5 and 8 y | (%) | 4 | 9 | 5 | 6 |
| (n) | 72 | 166 | 91 | 111 | |
| NSN: Stunted at age 5 y | (%) | 7 | 7 | 10 | 4 |
| (n) | 124 | 129 | 182 | 74 | |
| NNS: Stunted at age 8 y | (%) | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| (n) | 53 | 55 | 36 | 55 | |
| NNN: Never stunted | (%) | 46 | 51 | 57 | 66 |
| (n) | 820 | 938 | 1034 | 1220 | |
| Male | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.50 | 0.51 | |
| (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | (0.50) | ||
| First-born | 0.23 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.46 | |
| (0.42) | (0.49) | (0.48) | (0.50) | ||
| Second-born | 0.20 | 0.39 | 0.26 | 0.36 | |
| (0.40) | (0.49) | (0.44) | (0.48) | ||
| Third- or later-born | 0.57 | 0.22 | 0.38 | 0.18 | |
| (0.49) | (0.42) | (0.48) | (0.39) | ||
| Child experienced puberty by age 12 y | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.41 | 0.33 | |
| (0.23) | (0.35) | (0.49) | (0.47) | ||
| Caregiver's schooling (years) | 2.79 | 3.70 | 7.69 | 6.80 | |
| (3.67) | (4.43) | (4.49) | (4.00) | ||
| Caregiver's height (cm) | 158.66 | 151.47 | 149.98 | 152.18 | |
| (5.92) | (5.98) | (5.37) | (5.88) | ||
| Caregiver's age at index child's birth (years) | 28.21 | 23.01 | 27.01 | 27.79 | |
| (8.88) | (5.43) | (8.07) | (8.56) | ||
| Father's schooling (years) | 4.85 | 5.62 | 9.10 | 7.64 | |
| (4.22) | (5.04) | (3.83) | (3.95) | ||
| Log household expenditure at age 8 y less spending on index child health at 5 and 8 y | 4.82 | 6.68 | 5.19 | 6.00 | |
| (0.59) | (0.56) | (0.59) | (0.61) | ||
| Number of observations | 1782 | 1840 | 1814 | 1849 | |
Notes: Statistics are means with standard deviations in parentheses, unless otherwise specified. Descriptive statistics for caregiver's ethnicity, community characteristics, language of administration in the tests, as well as for all time-varying child and household characteristics which were all also included in the analysis are reported in Tables A.1-A.5 in the appendix.