. 2017 Apr;179:81–90. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.031

Table 2.

OLS estimates of associations of child, household, and community characteristics with child growth from conception to 12 years.

	Ethiopia				India				Peru				Vietnam
	Height-for-age at 1 y	Change in height-for-age between 1 & 5 y	Change in height-for-age between 5 & 8 y	Change in height-for-age between 8 & 12 y	Height-for-age at 1 y	Change in height-for-age between 1 & 5 y	Change in height-for-age between 5 & 8 y	Change in height-for-age between 8 & 12 y	Height-for-age at 1 y	Change in height-for-age between 1 & 5 y	Change in height-for-age between 5 & 8 y	Change in height-for-age between 8 & 12 y	Height-for-age at 1 y	Change in height-for-age between 1 & 5 y	Change in height-for-age between 5 & 8 y	Change in height-for-age between 8 & 12 y
Male	−0.67***	0.38	−0.40*	0.22	−0.18	0.02	0.06	0.05	−0.22*	0.66***	−0.31*	−0.29	−0.22*	0.51***	−0.46***	−0.22
Male	(0.19)	(0.23)	(0.23)	(0.23)	(0.16)	(0.18)	(0.17)	(0.22)	(0.13)	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.19)	(0.13)	(0.14)	(0.15)	(0.22)
Second-born	0.16	−1.26***	0.69*	0.16	0.28	−0.29	−0.45**	0.14	0.10	−0.69***	−0.21	0.37	−0.08	−0.51***	−0.28	0.29
Second-born	(0.28)	(0.35)	(0.39)	(0.39)	(0.17)	(0.20)	(0.21)	(0.26)	(0.16)	(0.23)	(0.22)	(0.26)	(0.15)	(0.16)	(0.18)	(0.25)
Third- or later-born	0.09	−0.91***	0.11	0.42	−0.35	−0.60**	−0.63**	0.38	−0.08	−0.65***	−0.08	0.21	−0.01	−0.92***	0.03	−0.17
Third- or later-born	(0.24)	(0.32)	(0.32)	(0.30)	(0.22)	(0.27)	(0.28)	(0.33)	(0.18)	(0.24)	(0.23)	(0.26)	(0.20)	(0.20)	(0.23)	(0.32)
Child age	−0.39***	0.30***	0.03	0.06**	−0.25***	0.26***	−0.02	−0.08***	−0.27***	0.27***	−0.05***	−0.06**	−0.19***	0.30***	−0.06**	0.01
Child age	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.03)
Puberty by 12 y				−0.66				2.46***				1.34***				1.64***
Puberty by 12 y				(0.50)				(0.31)				(0.20)				(0.26)
Caregiver's height	0.08***	0.13***	0.01	0.02	0.12***	0.08***	0.04***	0.06***	0.13***	0.16***	0.04**	0.07***	0.11***	0.13***	0.03**	0.05***
Caregiver's height	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.02)
Caregiver's age at index child's birth	0.02	0.01	−0.00	−0.02	0.05***	−0.00	0.03	−0.07**	−0.01	0.02	0.01	−0.01	0.02	0.01	−0.01	0.02
Caregiver's age at index child's birth	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Caregiver's schooling	0.07**	0.00	−0.03	−0.01	0.07***	−0.01	0.07**	−0.02	0.08***	0.07***	0.01	−0.01	0.05**	0.07***	0.00	−0.03
Caregiver's schooling	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.04)
Father's schooling	0.05	0.06*	−0.04	−0.05	0.03	0.03	−0.03	0.05	0.05**	−0.00	0.04	0.05	0.05*	0.04	0.00	0.07*
Father's schooling	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.04)
Household wealth index	4.03***	−0.77	2.83***	−0.98	1.22**	1.89***	0.72	0.54	1.60***	3.00***	0.27	2.03***	1.20**	1.87***	2.37***	1.86*
Household wealth index	(1.02)	(1.34)	(1.02)	(1.07)	(0.57)	(0.64)	(0.71)	(0.84)	(0.44)	(0.61)	(0.65)	(0.73)	(0.50)	(0.51)	(0.78)	(1.03)
Natural disaster shock	0.25	0.29	0.41	−0.70**	0.74***	−0.88***	0.18	0.37	0.14	−3.82**	−0.25	−0.50*	0.48**	−0.06	0.19	−0.18
Natural disaster shock	(0.31)	(0.36)	(0.31)	(0.32)	(0.26)	(0.28)	(0.21)	(0.31)	(0.39)	(1.92)	(0.21)	(0.29)	(0.23)	(0.26)	(0.21)	(0.33)
Livelihood shock	0.12	0.33	−0.08	−0.14	−0.15	−0.02	−0.12	−0.32	0.11	0.58***	−0.12	−0.06	0.06	−0.39*	0.02	−0.01
Livelihood shock	(0.25)	(0.30)	(0.26)	(0.27)	(0.22)	(0.23)	(0.20)	(0.23)	(0.16)	(0.22)	(0.18)	(0.37)	(0.19)	(0.20)	(0.16)	(0.26)
Family shock	−0.56***	0.31	0.02	0.01	−0.52**	0.54**	0.22	0.03	−0.06	0.19	0.04	0.05	−0.12	0.03	−0.75***	−0.23
Family shock	(0.21)	(0.28)	(0.24)	(0.25)	(0.22)	(0.24)	(0.18)	(0.24)	(0.16)	(0.22)	(0.17)	(0.24)	(0.16)	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.25)
Number of credit-providing institutions in community	0.27**	−0.13	−0.34**	0.25	0.09	0.08	0.21*	−0.13	0.10	0.09	0.12	0.11	0.09	−0.05	0.24**	0.16
Number of credit-providing institutions in community	(0.11)	(0.13)	(0.14)	(0.30)	(0.09)	(0.11)	(0.12)	(0.14)	(0.06)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.07)	(0.08)	(0.10)	(0.11)
Consumption price index	−1.54***	0.91	0.38	2.30**	0.53	0.86**	−0.10	−2.02***	0.39	−0.27	2.19***	−0.20	−3.05*	4.35***	−0.49	−0.36
Consumption price index	(0.43)	(0.56)	(0.55)	(0.97)	(0.34)	(0.40)	(0.72)	(0.76)	(0.44)	(0.57)	(0.52)	(0.77)	(1.64)	(1.58)	(0.55)	(1.17)
Education price index	0.99	−0.67	1.75	0.01	0.40	−0.05	0.15	1.21***	−0.69	0.47	0.95	0.56	1.53**	0.46	0.17	3.22***
Education price index	(0.72)	(1.06)	(1.15)	(0.72)	(0.34)	(0.41)	(0.57)	(0.38)	(0.49)	(0.69)	(0.68)	(0.92)	(0.73)	(0.75)	(0.33)	(1.13)
Medicine price index	6.19**	−16.46***	0.87*	−1.48	0.34	−1.42**	0.13	−0.54	−0.81***	0.78**	0.18	0.41	0.11	0.70**	−0.21	−1.17**
Medicine price index	(3.02)	(4.17)	(0.50)	(1.38)	(0.45)	(0.56)	(0.58)	(0.61)	(0.28)	(0.38)	(0.29)	(0.41)	(0.28)	(0.31)	(0.27)	(0.58)
Food price index	4.05***	−4.25**	0.70	4.26*	4.54***	−5.50***	−0.68	2.44***	0.61*	−0.63	−1.33**	−0.16	1.50	−0.21	−0.60	1.22
Food price index	(1.25)	(1.68)	(0.80)	(2.19)	(0.79)	(0.92)	(1.05)	(0.90)	(0.35)	(0.49)	(0.54)	(0.38)	(1.17)	(1.21)	(0.60)	(1.04)
Community wage index	1.24*	−0.79	1.17	−1.30*	−2.49***	3.78***	−1.22**	0.48	−1.75***	0.49	−0.39	0.08	1.11**	0.80*	−0.54	−3.77***
Community wage index	(0.68)	(0.88)	(0.96)	(0.71)	(0.59)	(0.61)	(0.54)	(0.74)	(0.52)	(0.70)	(0.38)	(0.57)	(0.44)	(0.45)	(0.76)	(1.30)
Community water pollution	0.67**	0.38	−0.20	0.38	0.33	−0.24	−0.24	0.49*	−0.28	−0.19	0.21	0.06	−0.24	−0.08	0.25	−0.52
Community water pollution	(0.31)	(0.40)	(0.34)	(0.40)	(0.22)	(0.26)	(0.27)	(0.30)	(0.20)	(0.26)	(0.18)	(0.23)	(0.17)	(0.18)	(0.21)	(0.33)
Community air pollution	−0.77	−0.09	−1.08*	−0.45	−1.03***	1.52***	0.10	−0.18	0.81***	−0.24	−0.02	−0.24	−0.19	−0.10	0.14	−0.02
Community air pollution	(0.55)	(0.87)	(0.58)	(0.45)	(0.32)	(0.41)	(0.20)	(0.30)	(0.23)	(0.31)	(0.18)	(0.22)	(0.20)	(0.20)	(0.27)	(0.46)
Improved water in community	0.47	1.03*	0.96	1.44*	−0.43	−0.29	0.10	0.22	−2.26***	0.02	−0.21	−0.36	−0.11	−0.73***	−1.06***	−0.79
Improved water in community	(0.42)	(0.55)	(1.41)	(0.77)	(0.34)	(0.38)	(0.81)	(0.28)	(0.87)	(0.87)	(0.44)	(0.49)	(0.23)	(0.23)	(0.27)	(0.89)
Improved sanitation in community	0.89***	−0.86**		0.30	0.33	−0.12	0.26	−0.96	−0.28	−0.62*	−0.08	−0.03	−0.15	0.87***		0.40
Improved sanitation in community	(0.33)	(0.43)		(0.63)	(0.20)	(0.25)	(0.30)	(0.71)	(0.25)	(0.34)	(0.58)	(0.48)	(0.23)	(0.22)		(0.78)
Garbage disposal truck in community	−2.68***	1.00	−1.06*	1.02	−1.31***	1.91***	0.88**	−0.74*	0.37*	0.22	−0.07	−0.21	0.41	1.09***	0.51*	1.33***
Garbage disposal truck in community	(0.66)	(0.88)	(0.60)	(0.73)	(0.30)	(0.37)	(0.42)	(0.42)	(0.21)	(0.29)	(0.33)	(0.36)	(0.27)	(0.32)	(0.29)	(0.33)
Hospital in community	−2.41***	2.07***	−0.93**	−1.04	−0.13	0.12	−0.12	−0.17	0.21	0.25	0.43*	0.24	−0.15	−1.14*	−1.74***	−0.58
Hospital in community	(0.36)	(0.53)	(0.44)	(0.73)	(0.19)	(0.21)	(0.22)	(0.33)	(0.18)	(0.24)	(0.26)	(0.28)	(0.66)	(0.64)	(0.61)	(0.73)
Number of schools in community			0.62	−0.04			0.04	0.11***			0.10	0.22			0.19	−0.18***
Number of schools in community			(0.42)	(0.13)			(0.11)	(0.04)			(0.15)	(0.16)			(0.15)	(0.07)

R-squared	0.237	0.183	0.0633	0.0625	0.209	0.172	0.0655	0.0656	0.321	0.240	0.0455	0.0772	0.235	0.303	0.0627	0.107
Observations	1782	1782	1782	1782	1840	1840	1840	1840	1814	1814	1814	1814	1849	1849	1849	1849

Notes: Robust standard errors are in parentheses. *** significant at 1%, ** significant at 5%, * significant at 10%. Regressions include controls for caregiver's ethnicity, but estimates are not reported. Time-varying controls in specifications of change in height are from the initial period and from the same period in specifications for height-for-age at age 1 year.