Table 3.

Pooled OLS and first-differences estimates of associations of child, household, and community characteristics with the child growth based on longitudinal data from periods during which children across countries were between 1 to 5, 5 to 8, and 8 to 12 Years.

	Ethiopia		India		Peru		Vietnam
	Change in height-for-age		Change in height-for-age		Change in height-for-age		Change in height-for-age
	Pooled OLS	First differences	Pooled OLS	First differences	Pooled OLS	First differences	Pooled OLS	First differences
Male	0.04		−0.04		0.11		−0.03
	(0.10)		(0.09)		(0.09)		(0.09)
Second-born	−0.13		−0.21**		−0.23*		−0.14
	(0.15)		(0.11)		(0.12)		(0.11)
Third- or later-born	−0.20		−0.34**		−0.21*		−0.43***
	(0.13)		(0.14)		(0.12)		(0.13)
Child age	0.13***	0.78***	0.05***	0.20**	0.02*	−0.22***	0.06***	0.01
	(0.01)	(0.10)	(0.01)	(0.09)	(0.01)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.12)
Caregiver's height	0.05***		0.06***		0.09***		0.08***
	(0.01)		(0.01)		(0.01)		(0.01)
Caregiver's age at index child's birth	−0.00		−0.01		0.01		0.01
	(0.01)		(0.01)		(0.01)		(0.01)
Caregiver's schooling	−0.03		0.02		0.03		−0.00
	(0.02)		(0.02)		(0.02)		(0.02)
Father's schooling	−0.02		0.02		0.03*		0.03*
	(0.02)		(0.01)		(0.02)		(0.02)
Household wealth index	1.06**	2.52**	1.16***	−1.39	2.01***	0.85	2.05***	2.44***
	(0.51)	(1.20)	(0.40)	(0.95)	(0.34)	(0.82)	(0.36)	(0.86)
Natural disaster shock	−0.31*	−0.47	−0.30**	0.05	−0.24	−0.61**	−0.08	−0.07
	(0.18)	(0.32)	(0.14)	(0.26)	(0.18)	(0.25)	(0.16)	(0.23)
Livelihood shock	−0.06	0.22	−0.29**	−0.21	0.10	0.29	−0.19	0.01
	(0.15)	(0.24)	(0.13)	(0.21)	(0.14)	(0.21)	(0.13)	(0.19)
Family shock	0.21	0.35	0.22	0.57***	0.14	0.26	−0.30**	−0.46**
	(0.15)	(0.23)	(0.13)	(0.20)	(0.12)	(0.18)	(0.12)	(0.18)
Number of credit-providing institutions in the community	−0.09		0.07		0.13***		0.16***
	(0.06)		(0.06)		(0.04)		(0.05)
Consumption price index	0.75***	−0.08	0.28	0.22	0.35	1.15**	0.44	0.40
	(0.21)	(0.46)	(0.28)	(0.43)	(0.33)	(0.52)	(0.37)	(0.47)
Education price index	−0.00	−0.01	0.67***	0.74**	1.01***	0.92*	1.24***	1.28***
	(0.21)	(0.30)	(0.18)	(0.30)	(0.38)	(0.52)	(0.23)	(0.32)
Medicine price index	0.03	0.26	−0.62**	−2.65***	0.46**	0.49*	−0.15	0.19
	(0.29)	(0.41)	(0.28)	(0.49)	(0.18)	(0.29)	(0.15)	(0.26)
Food price index	−0.99**	−2.40***	−0.89*	−0.41	−0.62**	−1.31**	−0.57	−1.80**
	(0.38)	(0.62)	(0.47)	(0.76)	(0.25)	(0.51)	(0.42)	(0.77)
Community wage index	0.44	−0.85	0.22	−0.73	−1.03***	−0.93*	−0.22	−1.48**
	(0.30)	(0.55)	(0.34)	(0.64)	(0.27)	(0.48)	(0.34)	(0.58)
Community water pollution	0.55***	0.70**	0.05	−0.34	−0.25**	−0.28	−0.01	0.12
	(0.16)	(0.33)	(0.15)	(0.24)	(0.11)	(0.17)	(0.12)	(0.17)
Community air pollution	−0.11	−0.64**	0.16	−0.00	−0.21*	−0.14	0.19	0.27
	(0.19)	(0.31)	(0.14)	(0.21)	(0.12)	(0.18)	(0.13)	(0.21)
Improved water in community	1.01***	2.27***	−0.29	0.21	−0.30	0.26	−0.79***	−1.16***
	(0.23)	(0.35)	(0.22)	(0.36)	(0.28)	(0.46)	(0.16)	(0.23)
Improved sanitation in community	−0.23	−1.45***	0.10	0.08	−0.17	−0.56	1.38***	1.85***
	(0.25)	(0.47)	(0.17)	(0.25)	(0.26)	(0.43)	(0.21)	(0.34)
Garbage disposal truck in community	0.58**	−0.71	0.57***	−0.22	0.10	0.26	1.00***	1.32***
	(0.28)	(0.62)	(0.19)	(0.41)	(0.18)	(0.37)	(0.16)	(0.32)
Hospital in community	0.25	0.42	−0.10	−0.55*	0.28**	0.27	−1.27***	−2.06***
	(0.18)	(0.32)	(0.13)	(0.32)	(0.14)	(0.32)	(0.36)	(0.68)
R-squared	0.139	0.204	0.172	0.232	0.246	0.289	0.198	0.227
Observations	5346	3564	5520	3680	5442	3628	5547	3698

Notes: Standard errors clustered at the child level in parentheses. *** significant at 1%, ** significant at 5%, * significant at 10%. Regressions include controls for caregiver's ethnicity and period dummies, but estimates are not reported. Time-varying controls in all specifications are from the initial period.