Table 4.
OLS estimates of associations of child growth trajectories from age 1 to 8 years with achievement scores at ages 8 and 12 years.
| Ethiopia |
India |
Peru |
Vietnam |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPVT at 8 y | Maths at 8 y | PPVT at 12 y | Maths at 12 y | PPVT at 8 y | Maths at 8 y | PPVT at 12 y | Maths at 12 y | PPVT at 8 y | Maths at 8 y | PPVT at 12 y | Maths at 12 y | PPVT at 8 y | Maths at 8 y | PPVT at 12 y | Maths at 12 y | |
| SSS: Stunted at ages 1, 5, and 8 y | −0.19*** | −0.30*** | −0.23*** | −0.29*** | −0.31*** | −0.42*** | −0.36*** | −0.23*** | −0.23*** | −0.32*** | −0.32*** | −0.23*** | −0.12* | −0.34*** | −0.25*** | −0.17** |
| (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.07) | |
| SSN: Stunted at ages 1 and 5 y | −0.13 | −0.16* | −0.07 | −0.13 | −0.24** | −0.26** | −0.31*** | −0.17 | −0.03 | −0.11 | −0.30*** | −0.12 | −0.14 | −0.16 | −0.15 | −0.14 |
| (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.11) | (0.11) | (0.11) | (0.10) | (0.10) | (0.10) | (0.10) | (0.08) | (0.10) | (0.13) | (0.10) | |
| SNS: Stunted at ages 1 and 8 y | −0.41*** | −0.23 | −0.48** | −0.10 | −0.35*** | −0.47*** | −0.19 | −0.28 | −0.57*** | −0.63*** | −0.48*** | −0.52** | −0.36* | −0.55** | −0.46 | −0.39** |
| (0.12) | (0.16) | (0.19) | (0.17) | (0.13) | (0.15) | (0.16) | (0.18) | (0.20) | (0.23) | (0.17) | (0.26) | (0.19) | (0.26) | (0.31) | (0.16) | |
| SNN: Stunted at age 1 y | −0.11** | −0.16*** | −0.11** | −0.12* | −0.21*** | −0.21*** | −0.26*** | −0.19** | −0.15** | −0.13* | −0.14** | −0.11 | −0.02 | −0.15 | 0.02 | −0.11 |
| (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.08) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.10) | (0.09) | (0.10) | (0.10) | |
| NSS: Stunted at ages 5 and 8 y | −0.26** | −0.41*** | −0.41*** | −0.25* | −0.16** | −0.03 | −0.15** | −0.12 | −0.29*** | −0.26** | −0.36*** | −0.25** | −0.10 | 0.17** | −0.09 | −0.06 |
| (0.11) | (0.11) | (0.11) | (0.14) | (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.10) | (0.09) | (0.11) | (0.10) | (0.08) | (0.10) | (0.09) | |
| NSN: Stunted at age 5 y | −0.03 | −0.08 | −0.02 | −0.05 | 0.18* | 0.02 | 0.00 | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.09 | −0.23*** | −0.14* | 0.01 | 0.05 | −0.10 | 0.15 |
| (0.09) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.11) | (0.10) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.06) | (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.11) | (0.11) | |
| NNS: Stunted at age 8 y | −0.15 | −0.23 | −0.29* | −0.29* | 0.07 | 0.21 | −0.05 | 0.07 | −0.23** | −0.07 | −0.33*** | −0.13 | −0.28*** | 0.14 | −0.18 | −0.05 |
| (0.14) | (0.16) | (0.16) | (0.16) | (0.14) | (0.15) | (0.11) | (0.14) | (0.11) | (0.15) | (0.13) | (0.14) | (0.11) | (0.13) | (0.14) | (0.13) | |
| Constant | 0.38 | −3.82* | 1.28 | −2.94 | 2.69* | 0.43 | −0.75 | −0.45 | −5.49*** | −4.68** | −3.65** | −0.84 | −1.74 | −2.78** | −2.47* | −4.91*** |
| (1.91) | (2.04) | (1.88) | (2.37) | (1.63) | (1.49) | (1.55) | (1.42) | (1.69) | (2.32) | (1.65) | (2.19) | (1.35) | (1.24) | (1.42) | (1.27) | |
| R-squared | 0.41 | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.44 | 0.31 | 0.40 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.23 |
| Observations | 1540 | 1501 | 1540 | 1501 | 1813 | 1784 | 1813 | 1784 | 1715 | 1756 | 1715 | 1756 | 1737 | 1778 | 1737 | 1778 |
| P-values of tests of equality of coefficients | ||||||||||||||||
| F-tests of equality of coefficients between groups of children who recovered from stunting and those who remained stunted | ||||||||||||||||
| SSS = SNN | 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.59 | 0.32 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.66 |
| SSS = SNS | 0.10 | 0.69 | 0.22 | 0.29 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.32 | 0.80 | 0.10 | 0.19 | 0.38 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.52 | 0.18 |
| SSS = SSN | 0.44 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.49 | 0.18 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.78 | 0.32 | 0.86 | 0.12 | 0.48 | 0.80 |
| Chow tests of equality of coefficients at ages 8 and 12 y | ||||||||||||||||
| SSS | 0.62 | 0.87 | 0.47 | 0 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.03 | ||||||||
| SSN | 0.48 | 0.73 | 0.54 | 0.41 | 0 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.88 | ||||||||
| SNS | 0.68 | 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.29 | 0.56 | 0.53 | 0.72 | 0.59 | ||||||||
| SNN | 0.90 | 0.53 | 0.59 | 0.79 | 0.91 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.72 | ||||||||
| NSS | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.97 | 0.24 | 0.38 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.02 | ||||||||
| NSN | 0.97 | 0.70 | 0.11 | 0.36 | 0.03 | 0.51 | 0.43 | 0.41 | ||||||||
| NNS | 0.28 | 0.73 | 0.51 | 0.32 | 0.55 | 0.72 | 0.46 | 0.24 | ||||||||
Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses. *** significant at 1%, ** significant at 5%, * significant at 10%. Dependent variables are age-normalised test scores. Regressions include controls for child gender, birth order, age in months in 2002, time elapsed between interviews at age 1 and 5 years and between interviews at age 5 and 8 years, caregiver's age at childbirth, ethnicity, and schooling, father's schooling, the natural logarithm of household monthly per capita expenditure at age 8 years excluding expenditure on child health at age 5 and 8 years, number of schools, wage index, education price index, and consumption price index in the community at age 8 years, and number of credit providing institutions in the community at age 1 year, and the language of administration of the tests, and whether the tests were administered in the child's native tongue. Full estimation results are reported in Table A.6 in the Appendix.