(Top row). Comparison response rates (in pecks/s) on AB successive matching baseline trials and BA probe trials for two pigeons averaged over all symmetry test sessions in Urcuioli (2008, Experiment 4). Positive = reinforced baseline trials and the symmetrical versions of them. Negative = non-reinforced baseline trials and the symmetrical versions of them. Adapted with permission from “Associative symmetry, antisymmetry, and a theory of pigeons’ equivalence-class formation”, by P. J. Urcuioli, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 90, p. 275. Copyright 2008 by the Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. (Bottom row). Corresponding comparison response rates for two pigeons averaged over all symmetry test sessions in Urcuioli and Swisher (2012). Adapted with permission from “A replication and extension of the antisymmetry effect in pigeons”, by P. J. Urcuioli and M. J. Swisher, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 98, p. 290. ©2012 by the Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.