TABLE 3.
Neighborhood Characteristics for Breast Cancer Survivors with Geocoded Addresses (N=4,354), Pathways Study, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2006–2013.
| Neighborhood Characteristics | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES), statewide quintiles, (Yang Index1, block group) | 209 | 4.8 |
| Quintile 1: Lowest nSES | ||
| Quintile 2 | 522 | 12.0 |
| Quintile 3 | 898 | 20.6 |
| Quintile 4 | 1278 | 29.4 |
| Quintile 5: Highest nSES | 1447 | 33.2 |
| Neighborhood racial/ethnic composition2 (block group) | 530 | 12.2 |
| Above state medians for all 3 groups (predominantly minority) | ||
| Other combinations | 682 | 15.7 |
| Above AAPI and African American state medians | 1465 | 33.6 |
| Above AAPI state median | 970 | 22.3 |
| Below state medians for all 3 groups | 707 | 16.2 |
| Percent of population foreign-born, statewide quintiles (census tract) | 532 | 12.2 |
| Quintile 1: Highest % foreign-born | ||
| Quintile 2 | 693 | 15.9 |
| Quintile 3 | 1040 | 23.9 |
| Quintile 4 | 1066 | 24.5 |
| Quintile 5: Lowest % foreign-born | 1023 | 23.5 |
| Population density, statewide quartiles (persons/square km, block group) | 1139 | 26.2 |
| Quartile 1: Lowest population density | ||
| Quartile 2 | 1356 | 31.1 |
| Quartile 3 | 1112 | 25.5 |
| Quartile 4: Highest population density | 747 | 17.2 |
| Traffic density3, study-specific quintiles (500m buffer) | 871 | 20,0 |
| Quintile 1: Highest traffic density | ||
| Quintile 2 | 871 | 20.0 |
| Quintile 3 | 871 | 20.0 |
| Quintile 4 | 871 | 20.0 |
| Quintile 5: Lowest traffic density | 870 | 20.0 |
| Percent of population commuting by car, study-specific quintiles (census tract) | 873 | 20.1 |
| Quintile 1: Highest % commuting by car | ||
| Quintile 2 | 868 | 19.9 |
| Quintile 3 | 873 | 20.1 |
| Quintile 4 | 868 | 19.9 |
| Quintile 5: Lowest % commuting by car | 872 | 20.0 |
| Number of total businesses within 1600m walking network distance, study-specific quintiles | 871 | 20.0 |
| Quintile 1: Lowest # of total businesses | ||
| Quintile 2 | 867 | 19.9 |
| Quintile 3 | 874 | 20.1 |
| Quintile 4 | 871 | 20.0 |
| Quintile 5: Highest # of total businesses | 871 | 20.0 |
| Retail Food Environment Index4 within 1600m walking network distance | 330 | 7.6 |
| 0 | ||
| <1 | 1698 | 39.0 |
| 1+ | 1836 | 42.2 |
| No businesses of interest | 490 | 11.3 |
| Restaurant Environment Index5 within 1600m walking network distance | ||
| None | 1197 | 27.5 |
| >0 but less than median among those with a value (0.15) | 1383 | 31.8 |
| >0 and above median | 1338 | 30.7 |
| No businesses of interest | 436 | 10.0 |
| Number of recreational facilities6 within 1600m walking network distance, sample specific quintiles | 576 | 13.2 |
| Quintile 1: Lowest (none) | ||
| Quintile 2: (0.25–0.5) | 974 | 22.4 |
| Quintile 3: (0.75–1.25) | 1066 | 24.5 |
| Quintile 4: (1.5–2.5) | 889 | 20.4 |
| Quintile 5: Highest (2.75+) | 849 | 19.5 |
| Number of parks within 1600m walking network distance | 1150 | 26.4 |
| None | ||
| 1 park | 1149 | 26.4 |
| 2 parks | 906 | 20.8 |
| 3 or more | 1149 | 26.4 |
| Street connectivity—Gamma7, study-specific quintiles (block group) | 871 | 20.0 |
| Quintile 1: Lowest street connectivity | ||
| Quintile 2 | 873 | 20.1 |
| Quintile 3 | 864 | 19.8 |
| Quintile 4 | 872 | 20.0 |
| Quintile 5: Highest street connectivity | 874 | 20.1 |
| Urbanicity8 (block group) | 258 | 5.9 |
| Small town/Rural | ||
| City | 1192 | 27.4 |
| Suburban | 2449 | 56.2 |
| Metropolitan urban | 455 | 10.5 |
| AAPI Enclave Index,9 statewide quintiles (census tract) | 1290 | 29.6 |
| Quintile 1: Highest enclave | ||
| Quintile 2 | 1043 | 24.0 |
| Quintile 3 | 899 | 20.6 |
| Quintile 4 | 722 | 16.6 |
| Quintile 5: Lowest enclave | 400 | 9.2 |
| Hispanic Enclave Index,10 statewide quintiles (census tract) | 215 | 4.9 |
| Quintile 1: Highest enclave | ||
| Quintile 2 | 582 | 13.4 |
| Quintile 3 | 1091 | 25.1 |
| Quintile 4 | 1231 | 28.3 |
| Quintile 5: Lowest enclave | 1235 | 28.4 |
Yang SES Index is a composite measure of seven indicator variables for Census block groups (Liu education index, proportion blue collar job, proportion older than age 16 in the workforce without a job, median household income, percent below 200% of federal poverty line, median rent, median house value).
Neighborhood Racial/Ethnic composition is based on the block group population being above or below state median for each non-White racial/ethnic group.
Traffic density is based on traffic counts within a 500m buffer in units of vehicle miles traveled per square mile.
Retail Food Environment Index is a ratio of unhealthy food outlets (fast food restaurants, liquor stores and convenient stores) to healthy food outlets (grocery stores and farmers’ markets). 0 indicates that the neighborhood has no unhealthy food outlets, a ratio of <1 indicates that there are fewer unhealthy food outlets compared to healthy food outlets, where as a ratio greater than 1 indicates that there are more unhealthy food outlets compared to healthy ones.
Restaurant Environment Index is a ratio of the average number of fast food restaurants to other restaurants. 0 indicates that the neighborhood has no fast food restaurants; for neighborhoods with fast food restaurants, we used the median value of the ratio of fast food to other restaurants to split the sample into those living in neighborhoods with relatively fewer fast food to other restaurants, and those living in neighborhoods with relatively more fast foods to other restaurants, where the latter includes those who have a numerator value >0 and a denominator=0.
Recreational facilities included places where recreational activities could take place (e.g., fitness centers, sports clubs, yoga centers, dance schools).
Gamma is the ratio of actual number of street segments to maximum possible number of intersections, with a higher ratio indicating more street connectivity/walkability.
Urbanicity is based on a combination of census-defined metropolitan areas and population density, with five categories: metropolitan urban (highest quartile of population density within a census-defined urbanized area with a population of one million or more), metropolitan suburban (the rest of the population within an urbanized area with a population of one million or more), city (census-designated places with more than 50,000 people outside of a metropolitan area with a population of one million or more), town (places with less than 50,000 people, outside of an urbanized area, and not the lowest quartile of population density), and rural (places with less than 50,000 people, outside of an urbanized area, and in the lowest quartile of population density).
AAPI Enclave Index is a composite measure of four indicator variables for census tracts (% recent immigrants, % API language-speaking households that were linguistically isolated, % API language speakers with limited English proficiency, and % API).
Hispanic Enclave Index is a composite measure of seven indicator variables for census tracts (% foreign-born, % recent immigrants, % households that were linguistically isolated, % of Spanish language-speaking households that were linguistically isolated, % all language speakers with limited English proficiency, % of Spanish language-speakers with limited English proficiency, and % Hispanic).