Table 2.
Bivariate Analyses of Risk Factors for Unintentional Medication Discrepancies with the Potential for Harm (PADEs)
| Characteristics | PADE Rate Ratio [95% CI] |
History PADE Rate Ratio [95% CI] |
Reconciliation PADE Rate Ratio [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Male | 0.95 [0.66–1.37] | 1.20 [0.65–2.21] | 0.78 [0.52–1.18] |
| Age, years | |||
| 0–2 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 3–6 | 2.27 [1.31–3.92]* | 3.26 [1.27–8.35]* | 1.77 [0.95–3.31] |
| 7–11 | 1.59 [0.90–2.83] | 2.14 [0.80–5.71] | 1.32 [0.68–2.55] |
| 12–17 | 2.59 [1.44–4.64]* | 3.88 [1.43–10.52]* | 1.94 [0.99–3.79] |
| 18–24 | 2.75 [1.53–4.97]* | 3.72 [1.35–10.27]* | 2.27 [1.17–4.42]* |
| Race | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Black | 0.33 [0.17–0.64]* | 0.46 [0.17–1.27] | 0.21 [0.08–0.56]* |
| Other | 0.47 [0.31–0.72]* | 0.41 [0.20–0.84]* | 0.53 [0.33–0.85]* |
| Number of preadmission medications | 1.09 [1.06–1.11]* | 1.09 [1.05–1.13]* | 1.09 [1.06–1.11]* |
| Hospital LOS, days | |||
| <2 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| >2 and <5 | 1.08 [0.62–1.89] | 0.62 [0.25–1.55] | 1.92 [0.99–3.67] |
| >5 and <12 | 0.78 [0.46–1.37] | 0.60 [0.26–1.43] | 1.15 [0.60–2.23] |
| >12 and <26 | 0.63 [0.34–1.16] | 0.50 [0.19–1.31] | 0.87 [0.41–1.85] |
| >26 | 0.93 [0.51–1.68] | 0.32 [0.11–0.91]* | 2.06 [1.05–4.03]* |
| >1 Critical care transfer | 0.89 [0.56–1.42] | 0.51 [0.22–1.17] | 1.26 [0.77–2.08] |
| Reason for admission | |||
| Respiratory | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Cardiovascular | 1.80 [1.02–3.18]* | 2.45 [0.95–6.31] | 1.35 [0.70–2.60] |
| Metabolic | 0.61 [0.25–1.47] | 1.15 [0.32–4.16] | 0.23 [0.05–1.03] |
| Other | 1.56 [0.89–2.72] | 1.76 [0.69–4.49] | 1.42 [0.76–2.64] |
| Admitting clinician | |||
| Resident | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| NP/Hospitalist | 1.33 [0.73–2.44] | 1.10 [0.39–3.10] | 1.53 [0.80–2.93] |
| Intern | 1.05 [0.71–1.55] | 1.13 [0.59–2.15] | 0.99 [0.63–1.54] |
| Admission source | |||
| ED | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Direct | 1.56 [1.01–2.41]* | 1.47 [0.70–3.08] | 1.64 [1.00–2.68] |
| In-hospital transfer | 0.60 [0.39–0.93]* | 0.47 [0.23–0.99]* | 0.72 [0.44–1.20] |
| Chronic technology dependence | |||
| Gastrostomy tube | 1.49 [1.03–2.14]* | 1.43 [0.77–2.65] | 1.54 [1.02–2.33]* |
| Jejunostomy tube | 1.14 [0.72–1.81] | 1.45 [0.68–3.08] | 0.91 [0.53–1.57] |
| Chronic non-invasive ventilation | 1.76 [1.16–2.65]* | 1.62 [0.80–3.28] | 1.88 [1.19–2.95]* |
| Tracheostomy and ventilator dependence |
0.95 [0.52–1.73] | 1.33 [0.51–3.46] | 0.66 [0.31–1.40] |
| Non-invasive ventilation during hospitalization |
1.12 [0.77–1.62] | 0.78 [0.42–1.46] | 1.49 [0.99–2.25] |
| Intubation | 0.86 [0.54–1.36] | 0.64 [0.29–1.40] | 1.06 [0.64–1.76] |
| >3 Coexisting chronic conditions | 1.54 [1.04–2.27]* | 1.59 [0.82–3.05] | 1.50 [0.97–2.33] |
| Medication Class | |||
| Respiratory medication | 2.38 [1.58–3.61]* | 3.42 [1.67–7.00]* | 1.87 [1.16–2.99]* |
| Gastrointestinal medication | 2.11 [1.30–3.41]* | 2.02 [0.92–4.42] | 2.19 [1.23–3.89]* |
| Neurologic medication | 2.09 [1.40–3.11]* | 2.12 [1.09–4.11]* | 2.07 [1.29–3.30]* |
| Metabolic medication | 1.34 [0.90–1.98] | 1.27 [0.65–2.47] | 1.40 [0.90–2.17] |
*
Indicates p<0.05