Table 1.
Distribution of socioeconomic status measures and breast cancer risk factors by race/ethnicity and nativity, Neighborhoods and Breast Cancer Study, San Francisco Bay Area, 1995–2002.
| Non-Hispanic white | African-American | U.S.-Born Hispanic | Foreign-Born Hispanic | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||
| Case n=1,141 | Control n=1,017 | Case n=563 | Control n=663 | Case n=570 | Control n=505 | Case n=564 | Control n=932 | Case n=2,838 | Control n=3,117 | |
|
| ||||||||||
| % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | |
| Education | ||||||||||
| Some high school or less | 4.5 | 5.3 | 18.7 | 18.3 | 27.4 | 27.9 | 50.0 | 65.5 | 20.9 | 29.7 |
| High school degree or equivalent | 16.7 | 16.9 | 20.8 | 24.1 | 29.8 | 30.3 | 14.9 | 14.8 | 19.8 | 20.0 |
| Vocational/technical degree or some college | 35.4 | 35.2 | 41.2 | 39.7 | 28.8 | 27.7 | 19.5 | 11.3 | 32.1 | 27.8 |
| College degree or higher degree | 43.4 | 42.6 | 19.4 | 17.9 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 15.6 | 8.5 | 27.2 | 22.5 |
| nSESa | ||||||||||
| Quintile 1-low nSES | 1.1 | 1.1 | 13.5 | 19.8 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 5.1 | 7.2 | 4.8 | 7.3 |
| Quintile 2 | 3.1 | 7.0 | 29.1 | 31.8 | 11.8 | 17.0 | 18.3 | 25.2 | 13.0 | 19.3 |
| Quintile 3 | 9.0 | 11.8 | 21.0 | 18.6 | 19.5 | 25.5 | 23.8 | 27.0 | 16.4 | 20.0 |
| Quintile 4 | 24.0 | 26.5 | 22.2 | 18.4 | 29.6 | 27.1 | 25.4 | 26.3 | 25.1 | 24.8 |
| Quintile 5-high nSES | 62.8 | 53.6 | 14.2 | 11.5 | 35.8 | 26.7 | 27.5 | 14.3 | 40.7 | 28.5 |
| Education and nSESa,b | ||||||||||
| ≤ High school degree, low nSES | 5.1 | 7.4 | 29.7 | 35.0 | 25.1 | 31.3 | 38.5 | 51.9 | 20.6 | 30.4 |
| ≤ HS degree, high nSES | 16.1 | 14.8 | 9.8 | 7.4 | 32.1 | 26.9 | 26.4 | 28.3 | 20.1 | 19.2 |
| > HS degree, low nSES | 8.1 | 12.5 | 33.9 | 35.1 | 9.5 | 14.9 | 8.7 | 7.5 | 13.6 | 16.2 |
| > HS degree, high nSES | 70.7 | 65.3 | 26.6 | 22.5 | 33.3 | 26.9 | 26.4 | 12.2 | 45.7 | 34.1 |
| Study | ||||||||||
| Northern California Breast Cancer Family Registry | 48.5 | 37.4 | 5.2 | 10.9 | 4.9 | 7.1 | 5.5 | 3.6 | 22.6 | 16.7 |
| San Francisco Bay Area Breast Cancer Study | 51.5 | 62.6 | 94.8 | 89.1 | 95.1 | 92.9 | 94.5 | 96.4 | 77.4 | 83.3 |
| Age groups (y) | ||||||||||
| <45 | 23.0 | 21.0 | 20.6 | 17.2 | 21.8 | 20.4 | 27.0 | 26.3 | 23.0 | 21.7 |
| 45–54 | 29.5 | 30.2 | 30.2 | 30.3 | 30.2 | 30.3 | 31.4 | 31.3 | 30.2 | 30.6 |
| 55–64 | 29.0 | 26.1 | 23.8 | 27.0 | 25.8 | 22.2 | 24.5 | 26.0 | 26.4 | 25.6 |
| ≥65 | 18.5 | 22.7 | 25.4 | 25.5 | 22.3 | 27.1 | 17.2 | 16.4 | 20.4 | 22.1 |
| Family History of breast cancer | 36.3 | 14.7 | 14.2 | 12.2 | 14.4 | 14.1 | 11.0 | 5.4 | 22.5 | 11.3 |
| Benign Breast Disease | 23.9 | 17.9 | 21.0 | 16.3 | 17.9 | 17.0 | 14.7 | 9.9 | 20.3 | 15.0 |
| Age at Menarche (y)c | ||||||||||
| ≤11 | 19.5 | 20.1 | 22.4 | 22.2 | 29.5 | 29.9 | 24.8 | 19.3 | 23.1 | 21.9 |
| 12 | 27.5 | 27.5 | 29.1 | 25.2 | 27.2 | 24.4 | 22.9 | 18.0 | 26.8 | 23.7 |
| 13 | 30.1 | 29.0 | 22.0 | 26.5 | 22.3 | 24.4 | 23.0 | 22.7 | 25.5 | 25.9 |
| ≥14 | 22.2 | 23.0 | 25.8 | 25.5 | 20.5 | 21.0 | 28.5 | 39.1 | 23.8 | 28.0 |
| Parity | ||||||||||
| 0 | 24.9 | 23.0 | 17.2 | 13.1 | 13.3 | 10.1 | 12.1 | 4.8 | 18.5 | 13.4 |
| 1 | 14.8 | 15.2 | 19.0 | 18.6 | 14.0 | 9.3 | 11.5 | 9.3 | 14.8 | 13.2 |
| 2 | 32.3 | 32.6 | 22.2 | 24.1 | 26.0 | 22.0 | 25.2 | 19.1 | 27.6 | 25.1 |
| 3 | 16.7 | 16.2 | 18.1 | 19.6 | 21.4 | 26.5 | 21.1 | 23.1 | 18.8 | 20.7 |
| ≥4 | 11.3 | 12.9 | 23.4 | 24.6 | 25.3 | 32.1 | 30.1 | 43.7 | 20.3 | 27.7 |
| Breastfeeding (months)c | ||||||||||
| Nulliparous | 24.9 | 23.0 | 17.2 | 13.1 | 13.3 | 10.1 | 12.1 | 4.8 | 18.5 | 13.4 |
| 0 | 28.0 | 27.6 | 44.8 | 46.5 | 43.3 | 38.2 | 21.8 | 20.0 | 33.2 | 31.1 |
| <12 | 29.1 | 26.2 | 18.8 | 22.3 | 25.8 | 30.5 | 31.4 | 25.6 | 26.8 | 25.9 |
| 12–23 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 8.9 | 7.5 | 10.2 | 11.3 | 14.7 | 19.4 | 11.2 | 13.2 |
| ≥ 24 | 6.7 | 11.2 | 10.3 | 10.6 | 7.4 | 9.9 | 20.0 | 30.2 | 10.2 | 16.5 |
| Age at first full-term birth (y)c | ||||||||||
| Nulliparous | 24.9 | 23.0 | 17.2 | 13.1 | 13.3 | 10.1 | 12.1 | 4.8 | 18.5 | 13.4 |
| <20 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 33.9 | 36.8 | 23.5 | 28.9 | 17.9 | 25.5 | 19.0 | 23.1 |
| 20–24 | 28.1 | 29.0 | 29.1 | 32.4 | 35.4 | 34.5 | 35.6 | 35.7 | 31.3 | 32.6 |
| 25–29 | 21.6 | 21.1 | 11.0 | 11.3 | 16.8 | 17.0 | 20.7 | 20.9 | 18.4 | 18.3 |
| ≥30 | 15.2 | 17.8 | 8.7 | 6.3 | 10.7 | 9.3 | 13.7 | 12.0 | 12.7 | 12.3 |
| Years since last full-term birthc | ||||||||||
| Nulliparous | 24.9 | 23.0 | 17.2 | 13.1 | 13.3 | 10.1 | 12.1 | 4.8 | 18.5 | 13.4 |
| <2 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 1.4 |
| 2–4 | 3.7 | 4.6 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 3.2 | 3.4 |
| ≥5 | 68.8 | 71.5 | 79.4 | 84.6 | 83.3 | 85.9 | 81.9 | 87.3 | 76.4 | 81.4 |
| Ever hormonal contraception used | 67.7 | 73.5 | 59.3 | 64.4 | 66.5 | 69.1 | 56.0 | 56.8 | 63.5 | 65.8 |
| Postmenopausal status | 64.9 | 56.5 | 60.9 | 62.3 | 58.1 | 59.8 | 52.7 | 54.8 | 60.3 | 57.8 |
| Menopausal hormone therapy used | ||||||||||
| Never | 50.0 | 49.0 | 70.3 | 63.5 | 61.1 | 57.8 | 67.7 | 68.9 | 59.8 | 59.4 |
| Former | 19.0 | 29.0 | 15.1 | 26.7 | 12.8 | 32.9 | 14.4 | 24.5 | 16.1 | 27.8 |
| Current | 30.9 | 22.0 | 14.6 | 9.8 | 26.1 | 9.3 | 17.9 | 6.7 | 24.1 | 12.8 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day)c,e | ||||||||||
| 0 | 35.9 | 41.3 | 61.6 | 63.7 | 53.9 | 58.6 | 67.2 | 71.5 | 50.8 | 57.9 |
| <5 | 22.3 | 21.2 | 17.4 | 16.7 | 24 | 21.8 | 18.1 | 19.3 | 20.8 | 19.8 |
| 5–9.9 | 12.3 | 12.0 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 7.3 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 8.1 | 7.5 |
| 10–14.9 | 10.3 | 9.1 | 3.2 | 5.6 | 7.2 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 3.0 | 7.3 | 5.8 |
| ≥15 | 18.6 | 16.2 | 12.1 | 8.7 | 9.1 | 7.5 | 4.4 | 1.8 | 12.6 | 8.9 |
| Lifetime recreational physical activity (hrs/wk) d | ||||||||||
| 0 | 6.2 | 5.8 | 16.7 | 17.3 | 16.7 | 18.8 | 30.0 | 33.4 | 15.1 | 18.6 |
| Quartile 1-low | 28.0 | 36.1 | 45.8 | 44.9 | 56.7 | 58.0 | 49.1 | 46.5 | 41.5 | 44.6 |
| Quartile 2 | 12.5 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 14.6 | 11.6 | 9.1 | 8.7 | 10.4 | 11.6 | 11.9 |
| Quartile 3 | 19.7 | 14.9 | 13.3 | 11 | 8.6 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 4.4 | 13.6 | 9.7 |
| Quartile 4-high | 33.6 | 30.4 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 6.5 | 7.1 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 18.1 | 15.2 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)c,e | ||||||||||
| <25 | 56.2 | 51.0 | 28.6 | 25.0 | 33.7 | 26.5 | 28.9 | 20.2 | 40.8 | 32.3 |
| 25–29.9 | 23.9 | 26.8 | 31.6 | 32.3 | 32.3 | 28.9 | 36.3 | 41.5 | 29.6 | 32.7 |
| ≥30 | 19.1 | 21.7 | 38.5 | 41.6 | 33.5 | 43.0 | 32.1 | 33.8 | 28.4 | 33.0 |
a
Neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) based on composite index of seven U.S. Census 2000 block group-level measures: Liu education index, proportion with a blue collar job, proportion older than age 16 in the workforce without a job, median household income, percent below 200% of the poverty line, median rent, median house value. Quintiles based on statewide distributions.
b
Combined variable for education (high school degree or less vs. more than high school degree) and nSES (low (quintiles 1–3) vs. high (quintiles 4 and 5)).
c
Percentages may not add to 100 due to missing.
d
Pre-diagnosis (cases) or before referent date (controls).
e
In reference year.