Table 2.
Distribution of neighborhood characteristics by race/ethnicity and nativity, the Neighborhoods and Breast Cancer Study, 1995–2002.
| Neighborhood characteristics | Non-Hispanic white | African-American | U.S.-Born Hispanic | Foreign-Born Hispanic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Case n=1,141 | Control n=1,017 | Case n=563 | Control n=663 | Case n=570 | Control n=505 | Casen=564 | Control n=932 | |
|
| ||||||||
| % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | |
| Population density (per m2)a,b | ||||||||
| Quartile 1-low | 21.7 | 16.7 | 8.2 | 6.5 | 13.3 | 11.5 | 10.8 | 5.9 |
| Quartile 2 | 28.3 | 24.3 | 14.0 | 13.1 | 21.8 | 19.0 | 14.9 | 10.9 |
| Quartile 3 | 30.3 | 31.6 | 21.5 | 18.6 | 34.9 | 30.7 | 25.4 | 21.6 |
| Quartile 4-high | 19.6 | 27.4 | 56.3 | 61.8 | 30.0 | 38.8 | 48.9 | 61.6 |
| % crowded householdsa,c | ||||||||
| Quartile 1-low | 59.7 | 48.8 | 18.7 | 13.7 | 29.7 | 21.6 | 19.0 | 10.3 |
| Quartile 2 | 27.1 | 31.8 | 33.4 | 27.3 | 29.0 | 27.7 | 25.5 | 15.8 |
| Quartile 3 | 10.1 | 13.7 | 32.0 | 36.5 | 22.1 | 23.6 | 27.1 | 30.2 |
| Quartile 4-high | 3.2 | 5.8 | 16.0 | 22.5 | 19.3 | 27.1 | 28.4 | 43.8 |
| % commute by car/motorcyclea,c | ||||||||
| Quartile 1-low | 17.4 | 20.4 | 33.0 | 38.0 | 10.4 | 12.5 | 20.4 | 28.0 |
| Quartile 2 | 25.1 | 23.4 | 34.3 | 35.4 | 16.7 | 21.0 | 22.9 | 22.4 |
| Quartile 3 | 28.2 | 28.3 | 19.2 | 16.4 | 34.0 | 29.7 | 30.9 | 25.3 |
| Quartile 4-high | 29.4 | 27.9 | 13.5 | 10.1 | 39.0 | 36.8 | 25.9 | 24.3 |
| Restaurant environment indexd,e,f | ||||||||
| No fast food restaurants | 34.7 | 26.9 | 21.9 | 16.7 | 25.3 | 18.4 | 22.9 | 15.9 |
| Tertile 1-low | 20.1 | 24.3 | 22.7 | 20.4 | 18.1 | 19.2 | 24.5 | 26.6 |
| Tertile 2 | 17.3 | 19.3 | 26.5 | 30.5 | 24.9 | 29.5 | 27.0 | 28.9 |
| Tertile 3-high | 15.0 | 19.7 | 23.6 | 28.5 | 25.8 | 28.7 | 20.2 | 26.4 |
| No Restaurants | 13.0 | 9.8 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 6.0 | 4.2 | 5.5 | 2.3 |
| Retail food environment indexf,g | ||||||||
| No convenient stores, liquor stores and fast food restaurants | 9.6 | 7.4 | 4.1 | 3.3 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 3.7 | 2.4 |
| <1 | 37.9 | 41.9 | 61.8 | 72.7 | 42.6 | 45.2 | 57.8 | 63.4 |
| ≥1 | 38.4 | 40.4 | 29.8 | 21.0 | 45.4 | 44.8 | 32.5 | 31.7 |
| No retail food outlets | 14.2 | 10.3 | 4.3 | 3.0 | 7.5 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 2.6 |
| Number of recreational facilitiesc,f | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 35.7 | 28.4 | 27.9 | 27.6 | 29.3 | 29.3 | 27.0 | 21.1 |
| 2–3 | 23.8 | 25.0 | 26.6 | 22.8 | 25.8 | 26.1 | 22.9 | 24.4 |
| 4–7 | 22.5 | 24.7 | 24.2 | 29.3 | 28.1 | 26.7 | 25.2 | 28.5 |
| ≥8 | 18.0 | 21.9 | 21.3 | 20.4 | 16.8 | 17.8 | 25.0 | 26.0 |
| Number of parksf | ||||||||
| 0 | 20.3 | 17.1 | 8.9 | 9.1 | 18.4 | 15.1 | 11.2 | 9.8 |
| 1 | 26.4 | 25.8 | 21.1 | 17.7 | 26.0 | 26.5 | 22.0 | 22.8 |
| 2 | 21.4 | 20.9 | 19.7 | 17.8 | 24.7 | 25.7 | 23.4 | 23.0 |
| 3 | 14.3 | 14.1 | 19.7 | 21.4 | 17.4 | 16.2 | 19.3 | 18.5 |
| ≥4 | 17.6 | 22.2 | 30.6 | 34.1 | 13.5 | 16.4 | 24.1 | 26.1 |
| Street connectivity, gamma indexc,h | ||||||||
| Quartile 1-low | 43.1 | 35.1 | 17.6 | 14.9 | 34.0 | 28.9 | 24.1 | 19.0 |
| Quartile 2 | 28.8 | 26.2 | 19.9 | 16.1 | 29.5 | 30.5 | 31.4 | 25.0 |
| Quartile 3 | 15.9 | 19.0 | 28.8 | 35.6 | 20.7 | 23.4 | 20.4 | 26.7 |
| Quartile 4-high | 12.3 | 19.8 | 33.8 | 33.3 | 15.8 | 17.2 | 24.1 | 29.3 |
| % foreign-born residentsa,c | ||||||||
| Quartile 1-low | 47.4 | 38.9 | 33.2 | 32.7 | 24.7 | 20.8 | 16.7 | 9.1 |
| Quartile 2 | 30.5 | 32.9 | 29.7 | 24.1 | 29.8 | 25.9 | 22.5 | 17.4 |
| Quartile 3 | 14.8 | 18.9 | 24.3 | 25.9 | 26.1 | 29.3 | 26.4 | 29.0 |
| Quartile 4-high | 7.3 | 9.2 | 12.8 | 17.2 | 19.3 | 24.0 | 34.4 | 44.5 |
U.S. Census block group-level measure
Categorization based on the quartile distribution for block groups in California.
Categorization based on quartile distribution among controls in study population.
Categorization based on tertile distribution among controls with non-zero values in study population.
Ratio of the number of fast food restaurants to other restaurants.
Businesses/parks within walking distance of residence (1,600 m pedestrian network)
Ratio of the number of convenience stores, liquor stores, and fast food restaurants to supermarkets and farmers’ markets.
Ratio of actual number of street segments to maximum possible number of intersections per U.S. Census tract.