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. 2017 Apr 5;8:294. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00294

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Copyright © 2017 Mourik, Lubberts, de Steenwinkel, Ottenhoff and Leenen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in tuberculosis (TB). TLS, Tfh cells, B-cells, and antibodies are all associated with protective immunity in TB. Preclinical TB models show that TLS induction and CXCL13 production are driven by IL-17 and IL-23. Type I interferons (T1-IFNs) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) support TLS function and Tfh responses in autoimmune diseases (AID). In TB, T1-IFNs and BAFF are associated with active disease, but their functional role remains to be identified. Dotted lines implicate mechanisms present in AID that have not been confirmed in TB. Outstanding question: (1) What are the functional roles of T1-IFNs and BAFF in TLS function and humoral immunity in Mtb infection?