Table 1.
Biological properties of extracts and compounds isolated from Fomitopsis betulina
| Biological activity | Mechanism of biological activity | Model [method of study] | Extracta | Active compounda | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bactericidal | Inhibition of bacterial growth | Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus [zone of inhibition, agar well diffusion assay] | Extracts | Suay et al. (2000) | |
| Brucella sp.[zone of inhibition, agar well diffusion assay] | Benzene extracts | Polyporenic acid (suggested) | Utzig and Fertig (1957) | ||
| Bacillus sp., Rhodococcus equi, S. aureus [zone of inhibition, disk-diffusion method] | Chloroform extracts | Karaman et al. (2009) | |||
| B. subtilis, Escherichia coli [zone of inhibition, agar well diffusion assay] | Dichloromethane extracts | Keller et al. (2002) | |||
| Bacillus sp., R. equi, S. aureus, E. coli [zone of inhibition, agar well diffusion assay] | Methanol extracts | Karaman et al. (2009), Keller et al. (2002) | |||
| B. subtilis, Sarcina lutea [zone of inhibition, agar well diffusion assay] | Ethanol extracts | Polyporenic acid A (suggested) | Kandefer-Szerszeń et al. (1981) | ||
| B. subtilis, S. lutea, Brucella sp. [zone of inhibition, agar well diffusion assay] | Ether extracts | Polyporenic acid (suggested) | Kandefer-Szerszeń and Kawecki (1974), Utzig and Fertig (1957) | ||
| B. subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, S. aureus [zone of inhibition, agar well diffusion assay, NCCLS-method] | Piptamine isolated from submerged culture of F. betulina | Schlegel et al. (2000) | |||
| B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus [zone of inhibition assay] | Mycelium, culture liquid | Krupodorova et al. (2016) | |||
| B. subtilis, S. aureus [zone of inhibition assay] | 3β-acetoxy-16α hydroxyl-24-oxo-5α-lanosta-8-ene-21-oic acid | Alresly et al. (2016) | |||
| E. faecalis [zone of inhibition assay] | Alkali extract | Vunduk et al. (2015) | |||
| Fungicidal | Inhibition of fungal growth | Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus fumigatus, [zone of inhibition, agar well diffusion assay] | Extracts | Suay et al. (2000) | |
| Candida albicans, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Rhodotorula rubra, Sporobolomyces salmonicolor, Penicillium notatum [zone of inhibition, agar well diffusion assay, NCCLS-method] | Piptamine isolated from submerged culture of F. betulina | Schlegel et al. (2000) | |||
| Larvicidal | Induction of larva death | Aedes aegypti [bioassay] | Dichloromethane extract | Keller et al. (2002) | |
| Antiviral | Protection of CEF cells from vaccinia virus |
Host/target cells: primary culture of chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) Challenge virus: vaccinia virus |
Ethanol extracts | Kandefer-Szerszeń et al. (1981) | |
| Induction of sub stance with properties similar to interferon (hot-stable, stable at pH 2, nondialyzing, insensitive to RNA-se, slightly sensitive to trypsin) | [Plaque formation assays] | Water extracts | Kandefer-Szerszeń and Kawecki (1979) | ||
| Ether extracts | polyporenic acid (suggested) | Kandefer-Szerszeń and Kawecki (1974) | |||
| nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) | Kandefer-Szerszeń et al. (1979) | ||||
| Protection of HAT cells from vaccinia virus by induction of interferon |
Host/target cells: human fibroblast culture (HAT) challenge virus: vaccinia virus [plaque formation assays] |
RNA | Kawecki et al. (1978) | ||
| Mice protection from lethal infection with TBE |
Host/target: Swiss mice Challenge virus: tick borne encephalitis (TBE) virus |
Ethanol extracts | Kandefer-Szerszeń et al. (1981) | ||
| Water extracts induced substance with properties similar to interferon (stable at pH 2, nondialyzing, sensitive to trypsin) | [Neutralization test] | Water extracts | Kandefer-Szerszeń and Kawecki (1979) | ||
| Ether extracts | Polyporenic acid | Kandefer-Szerszeń and Kawecki (1974) | |||
| Nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) (suggested) | Kandefer-Szerszeń et al. (1979), Kawecki et al. (1978) | ||||
| Mice protection from lethal infection with HSV-2 |
host/target: Swiss mice Challenge virus: herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) [neutralization test] |
RNA | Kawecki et al. (1978) | ||
| Anti-inflammatory | Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity | Alkali extract | Vunduk et al. (2015) | ||
| Strong inhibition of 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD), hyaluronate lyase and weak inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) | [Enzyme-based assays: (3α-HSD)-assay according to the method of Penning; N-cetyl-N-trimethylammonium bromide assay according to the method of Ferrante; COX-1 assay] | Polyporenic acid C; (3α,12α,25 S)-12-hydroxy-3-(3-methoxy-1,3- dioxopropoxy)-24-methylene-lanost-8-en-26-oic acid; (3α,12α,25 S)-3-(acetyloxy)-12-hydroxy-24- methylene-lanost-8-en-26-oic acid | Wangun et al. (2004) | ||
| Mice protection from ear edema induction by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) | Mice ear edema model | Polyporenic acid A; polyporenic acid C; (3α,12α,25 S)-3-[(carboxyacetyl)oxy]-12-hydroxy-24-methylene-lanost-8-en-26-oic acid; (3α,12α,25 S)-12-hydroxy-3-[[(3 S)-3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-3-methyl-1,5-dioxopentyl]oxy]-24- methylene-lanost-8-en-26-oic acid; (+)-12α,28-dihydroxy-3α-(30-hydroxy-30-methylglutaryloxy)-24-methyllanosta-8,24(31)-dien-26-oic acid | Kamo et al. (2003) | ||
| Antioxidant | Antioxidant capacity | [DPPH scavenging activity, FRAP method] | Water extracts | Vunduk et al. (2015) | |
| Antioxidant capacity | [DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power, α-carotene bleaching inhibition] | α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocopherols; ascorbic acid; β-carotene; lycopene | Reis et al. (2011) | ||
| Antioxidant capacity | [FRAP method] | p-hydroxybenzoic acid; protocatechuic acid; vanillic acid | Sułkowska-Ziaja et al. (2012) | ||
| Immunomodu-lation | Activation of neutrophils to production of reactive oxygen forms | Neutrophils from human peripheral blood [LDCL method] | Water extracts from fruiting bodies and mycelium | Shamtsyan et al. (2004) | |
| Anticancer | Antimigrative properties | Cancer cell lines: A549, HT-29, T47D, TE671 [wound assay] | Ethanol extracts | Pleszczyńska et al. (2016), Zwolińska (2004), Żyła et al. (2005) | |
| Cancer cell line:TE671 [wound assay] | Ether extracts | Zwolińska (2004) | |||
| Cancer cell lines: A549, C6, HT-29, T47D [wound assay] | Water extracts | Pleszczyńska et al. (2016), Lemieszek et al. (2009) | |||
| Cancer cell lines: A549, HT-29, T47D [wound assay] | Water and ethanol extracts of cultivated fruiting bodies | Pleszczyńska et al. (2016) | |||
| Decrease in tumor cell adhesion | Cancer cell line: LS180 [crystal violet assay] | Ethanol and ether extracts of in vitro grown mycelium | Cyranka et al. (2011) | ||
| Apoptosis induction | Cancer cell line: T47D [ELISA] | Ethanol extracts | Zwolińska (2004) | ||
| Cancer cell line: A549 [ELISA] | Ether extracts | Żyła (2005) | |||
| Cancer cell lines: A549, C6 [ELISA, May Grünwald Giemsa staining] | Water extracts | Lemieszek et al. (2009) | |||
| Cell death induction | Cancer cell lines: A549, T47D, TE671 [May Grünwald Giemsa staining] | Ethanol extracts | Żyła et al. (2005), Zwolińska (2004) | ||
| Decrease in cancer viability | Cancer cell line: HeLa [MTT test] | carboxymethylated (1→3)- -α-D-glucans | Wiater et al. (2011) | ||
| Decrease in cancer viability | Cancer cell line: LS180]MTT test] | Ethanol and ether extracts of in vitro grown mycelium | Cyranka et al. (2011) | ||
| Inhibition of MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-14 | Cancer cell line: A549 [zymography] | Ethanol and ether extracts | Zwolińska (2004) | ||
| Inhibition of MMP-9 | Cancer cell line: HT-29 [zymography] | Water extracts | Lemieszek (2008) | ||
| Inhibition of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9 | [Hydrolysis of MMP protein substrates—labeled synthetic peptides] | (E)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenyl)-hydroquinone | Kawagishi et al. ( 2002) | ||
| Inhibition of MMP-1 | [Hydrolysis of MMP protein substrates—labeled synthetic peptides] | polyporenic acid C | Kawagishi et al. (2002) | ||
| Inhibition of cancer cells proliferation | Cancer cell lines: A549, C6, HEp-2, HT-29, Jurkat E6.1, RPMI 8226, T47D, TE671 [MTT test] | Ethanol extracts | Pleszczyńska et al. (2016), Wasyl (2006), Żyła et al. (2005), Zwolińska (2004) | ||
| Cancer cell lines: A549, HT-29, T47D [MTT test] | Ethanol extracts of cultivated fruiting bodies | Pleszczyńska et al. (2016) | |||
| Cancer cell lines: A549, C6, FTC238, HEp-2, HeLa, HT-29, Jurkat E6.1, RPMI 8226, SK-N-AS, T47D, TE671 [MTT test] | Ether extract | Wasyl (2006), Kaczor et al. (2004), Zwolińska (2004) | |||
| Cancer cell lines: A549, C6, HT-29, Jurkat E6.1, T47D [MTT test] | Water extracts | Pleszczyńska et al. (2016), Lemieszek et al. (2009), Zwolińska (2004) | |||
| Cancer cell lines: A549, HT-29, T47D [MTT test] | Water extracts of cultivated fruiting bodies | Pleszczyńska et al. (2016) | |||
| Cancer cell lines: A549, T47D [MTT test] | Polyporenic acid A | Zwolińska (2004) | |||
| Inhibition of DNA synthesis | Cancer cell line: C6 [BrdU test] | Ethanol extracts | Wasyl (2006) | ||
| Cancer cell lines: A549, C6 [BrdU test] | Water extracts | Lemieszek et al. (2009) | |||
| Alterations in cell cycle progression—accumulation of cancer cells in the “S” phase | Cancer cell line: FTC238 [flow cytometry] | Ether extract | Kaczor et al. (2004) | ||
| Inhibition of cancer cell growth | Mouse sarcoma S-37 [not given] | Extracts | Blumenberg and Kessler (1963) | ||
| Tumor size reduction by induction of cancer cell necrolysis and inhibition of metastases |
Female dogs with adenocarcinoma mammae, adenocarcinoma solidum, adenocarcinoma papilliferum [histopathological examination after Hansen staining] |
Water extracts | Pentacyclic triterpenes (suggested) | Wandokanty et al. (1954; 1955) | |
| Tumor size reduction and inhibition of bleeding from the genital tract |
Female dogs with Sticker’s sarcoma [per vaginal examination] |
Ethanol extracts | Pentacyclic triterpenes (suggested) | Utzig and Samborski (1957) | |
| Neuroprotec-tion | Protection of neurons against damage induced by cisplatine, trophic stress, excitotoxicity | Mouse neurons—10-day old [LDH test] | Ethanol and ether extracts | Wasyl (2006) |
Cancer cell lines: A549—human Caucasian lung carcinoma, C6—rat glioma, FTC238—human thyroid carcinoma, HeLa—human cervical adenocarcinoma, Hep-2 (HeLa derivative)—human cervix carcinoma, HT-29—human colon adenocarcinoma, Jurkat E6.1—human T-cell leukemia, LS180—human colorectal adenocarcinoma, RPMI 8226—human multiple myeloma, SK-N-AS—human neuroblastoma, T47D—human breast ductal carcinoma, T671—human rhabdomyosarcoma/medulloblastoma
aExtracts/compounds were isolated from fruiting bodies of wild growing F. betulina, unless otherwise indicated
3α-HSD 3-α hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, BrdU − 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine, COX-1 cyclooxygenase-1, DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, FRAP ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, LDCL luminol-dependent chemiluminescence, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, MTT methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide, NCCLS National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards