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. 2017 Mar 25;9(2):103–118. doi: 10.1007/s12551-017-0262-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 8 — Two-step ATP binding model. The upper and lower panels show the conformational states of the β subunit and the chemical states in the binding pocket during ATP binding and subsequent torque generation. The ATP-binding process consists of two steps (first docking and second induced fit). The first docking process is triggered by the recognition of the base portion of ATP, and the subsequent induced-fit process is triggered by the recognition of the phosphate portion, which contributes to the torque generation (Arai et al. 2014)