Table 3.

Parameter estimates of direct effects.

Parameter	Estimate (standard error)	Z-value	p
Crude model
Direct effect of GDM on breastfeeding duration	1.18 (1.44)	0.82	0.411
Direct effect of breastfeeding benefits on breastfeeding duration	1.98 (0.09)	21.18	<0.0001
Direct effect of GDM on breastfeeding benefits	0.26 (0.29)	0.89	0.373
Fully adjusted model a
Direct effect of GDM on breastfeeding duration	1.27 (1.51)	0.85	0.398
Direct effect of breastfeeding benefits on breastfeeding duration	1.91 (0.10)	19.78	<0.0001
Direct effect of GDM on breastfeeding benefits	0.01 (0.32)	0.02	0.988

GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus; CI = confidence interval.

^aAdjusted for marital status, race, education, income, insurance, age, and prepregnancy body mass index.