Table 2. Connections between amino acids and different cancers.

Amino acids	Cancer type	Mechanisms
Gln↓	Breast cancer29 Pancreatic cancer27, 38 Lung cancer29 Gastric cancer29 Colorectal cancer29 Prostate cancer29	Cancer cells depend on Gln for tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, cellular energetics, reactive oxygen species buffering, lipid synthesis, mTOR activity, and autophagy (which is inhibited by mTOR).
Gly↓	Breast cancer28, 29 Pancreatic cancer27 Colorectal cancer41 Cervical cancer42	Gly consumption and its mitochondrial biosynthetic pathway are strongly correlated with cancer cell proliferation.
Ser↓	Pancreatic cancer27 Gastric cancer28 Colorectal cancer21, 27, 42 Cervical cancer43	Cancer cells consumed Ser to convert to intracellular Gly and one-carbon units for building nucleotides.
BCAAs↓	Breast cancer27 Pancreatic cancer27 Gastric cancer28 Colorectal cancer30 Colonic cancer27	The muscle wasting syndrome experience by many cancer patients decreased BCAAs levels.

Abbreviations: BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin.