Table 1. Participant characteristics at baseline according to study arm (n=65).
| Characteristic | Intervention (n=33) | Control (n=32) |
|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | ||
| Female | 22 (67) | 17 (53) |
| Male | 11 (33) | 15 (47) |
| Age, years (±SD) | 56±9.9 | 56±9.5 |
| Ethnicity,a n (%) | ||
| NZ European | 30 (90.9) | 21 (65.6) |
| Māori | 3 (9.1) | 5 (15.6) |
| Other | 6 (18.7) | |
| Diagnosesa | ||
| BMIb (kg m−2) | ||
| Obesity, ⩾30 | 29 (88) | 30 (94) |
| Overweight, 25–29.9 | 4 (12) | 2 (6) |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitusc | 7 (21) | 2 (6) |
| Cardiovascular pathology | 20 (61) | 20 (63) |
| Ischaemic heart diseased | 4 (12) | 3 (9) |
| Hypertensione | 19 (58) | 17 (52) |
| Hypercholesterolaemiaf | 17 (52) | 15 (47) |
| Clinical measures—values are means (95% CI) | ||
| Weight (kg) | 94.8 (6.4) | 96.9 (7.4) |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 34.5 (1.6) | 34.2 (2.3) |
| Cholesterolg (mmol l−1) | ||
| Total | 5.4 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.6) |
| Triglycerides | 1.6 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.3) |
| LDL | 3.4 (0.4) | 3.5 (0.5) |
| HDL | 1.3 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.2) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 108 (4) | 110 (5) |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 133 (6) | 132 (7) |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 81 (3) | 78 (3) |
| HbA1c (mmol mol−1) | 42 (3) | 37 (2) |
| CVD RA (% 5-year risk)h | 11.7 (2.5) | 12.2 (1.9) |
| Questionnairesi | ||
| SF-36 Physical component summary | 47 (3) | 49 (3) |
| SF-36 Mental component summary | 52 (2) | 54 (3) |
| Dietary indiscretions | 26 (3) | 22 (4) |
| Exercise | 20 (9) | 47 (23) |
| Food enjoyment | 12 (1) | 13 (1) |
| Food cost | 23 (5) | 22 (3) |
| General self-efficacy | 32 (1) | 32 (2) |
| Nutritional self-efficacy | 15 (1) | 16 (1) |
| Self-esteem | 2.4 (0.3) | 2.3 (0.3) |
| Big Five Inventory Multidimensional Personality Assessment | ||
| Extraversion | 3.1 (0.3) | 3.3 (0.3) |
| Agreeableness | 4 (0.2) | 4 (0.3) |
| Conscientiousness | 3.9 (0.2) | 4.2 (0.2) |
| Neuroticism | 2.7 (0.2) | 2.4 (0.3) |
| Openness | 3.6 (0.3) | 3.5 (0.3) |
| Readiness for change | ||
| Question 1 | 3.3 (0.2) | 3.4 (0.2) |
| Question 2 | 3.3 (0.2) | 3.3 (0.2) |
| Question 3 | 3.4 (0.2) | 3.3 (0.2) |
From information on electronic medical records (EMR) system.
Body mass index is calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus was defined by the New Zealand standard, HbA1c ⩾50mmol mol−1 cutoff.
Ischaemic heart disease included prior coronary stenting; prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG); prior cardiovascular ischaemic event; or antianginal medication use.
Hypertension included pre-treatment BP>140/90 mm Hg or current antihypertensive medication prescription.
Hypercholesterolaemia included those with pre-treatment total cholesterol >6mmol l−1 or current cholesterol-lowering medication prescription.
To convert values for total, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) from mmol l−1 to mg dl−1, multiply by 38.67, for triglycerides multiply mmol l−1 by 88.57.
The cardiovascular disease risk calculator estimates the risk of a cardiovascular event occurring within a 5-year period, using age, current HbA1c, duration of type 2 diabetes, sex, smoking status, ethnicity, total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio, systolic BP and status regarding use of BP lowering medication.
We used the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) for quality of life assessment and responses were scored using Optum Scoring Software v4.5. For 3-day food recall each ‘red category' or ambiguous food item scored one point, e.g. pasta with meat (1) and cheese (1)=2, values reflect total over 3 days. Exercise units were average for 3 days using minutes of exercise × rated perceived exertion, where value shown is in hundreds, that is, 32 in table=3200. Food enjoyment, self-efficacy and readiness for change used a 1–4 Likert scale, with 4 being highest. Pooled answers had maximum score: 16 for food enjoyment, 40 for general self-efficacy and 20 for nutritional self-efficacy. Self-esteem was a single question using a 1–5 Likert scale, with 1 as highest.