Biocompatibility of CS-ZN-NIMs incubated with HEK293T (A), Caco-2 (B), and RAW 264.7 (C) cells. Cellular proliferation was measured using the WST-1 assay and absorbance values were normalized to cells that received no particle treatment. ***, **, and * indicate p ≤ 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, respectively for treatments compared to cell control condition. All data represent mean ± SEM (n = 6).