Fig. 5.

Procyanidins inhibited central sensitization. a Phosphorylation of NMDA receptors (n = 4). b Phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and JNK (n = 4). c Immunofluorescence analysis of c-fos in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (n = 5). The quantification of c-fos immunofluorescence is represented as the number of c-fos-positive cells in the superficial dorsal horns. Bar: 80 μm *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. normal; ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01, ^### p < 0.001 vs. the MSU-treated group