Table 2.
Changes in the frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy (N = 575)
| Pre-pregnancy | Early pregnancya | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | 95%CI | % | 95%CI | ∆ in % | p-value | |
| Vegetables at dinner ≥ daily | 22.2 | 17.9–26.6 | 22.3 | 17.9–26.7 | 0.1 | 0.75† |
| ≤ 13 years education | 17.1 | 10.8–23.5 | 17.4 | 11.0–23.8 | 0.1 | |
| > 13 years education | 27.4 | 21.8–32.9 | 27.2 | 21.6–32.8 | 0.2 | 0.81‡ |
| BMI <25 | 20.7 | 15.9–25.4 | 21.5 | 16.8–26.3 | 0.8 | |
| BMI ≥25 | 23.8 | 17.1–30.5 | 23.1 | 16.4–29.9 | −0.7 | 0.39‡ |
| Age < 25 | 21.1 | 14.0–28.3 | 20.8 | 13.6–28.0 | −0.3 | |
| Age ≥ 25 | 23.3 | 18.5–28.2 | 23.8 | 18.9–28.8 | 0.5 | 0.70‡ |
| Vegetables on sandwich ≥ daily | 13.2 | 9.5–16.9 | 17.2 | 13.2–21.2 | 4.0 | <0.01† |
| ≤ 13 years education | 13.1 | 7.7–18.4 | 18.3 | 12.5–24.2 | 5.2 | |
| > 13 years education | 13.3 | 8.7–18.0 | 16.0 | 10.9–21.1 | 2.7 | 0.26‡ |
| BMI <25 | 13.8 | 9.8–17.8 | 16.8 | 12.4–21.2 | 3.0 | |
| BMI ≥25 | 12.7 | 7.0–18.3 | 17.5 | 11.3–23.7 | 4.8 | 0.40‡ |
| Age < 25 | 9.6 | 3.5–15.6 | 11.7 | 5.0–18.3 | 2.1 | |
| Age ≥ 25 | 16.8 | 12.7–21.0 | 22.7 | 18.1–27.2 | 5.9 | 0.12‡ |
| Other vegetables ≥ daily | 10.8 | 7.5–14.0 | 14.4 | 10.7–18.2 | 3.6 | 0.01† |
| ≤ 13 years education | 9.5 | 4.7–14.2 | 12.3 | 6.8–17.8 | 2.8 | |
| > 13 years education | 12.1 | 7.9–16.2 | 16.6 | 11.8–21.4 | 4.5 | 0.54‡ |
| BMI <25 | 12.6 | 9.0–16.2 | 16.0 | 11.9–20.1 | 3.4 | |
| BMI ≥25 | 8.9 | 3.8–14.0 | 12.9 | 7.1–18.7 | 4.0 | 0.83‡ |
| Age < 25 | 11.5 | 6.0–16.9 | 13.8 | 7.6–20.0 | 2.3 | |
| Age ≥ 25 | 10.1 | 6.4–13.8 | 15.1 | 10.8–19.3 | 5.0 | 0.38‡ |
| Fruitsb ≥ daily | 23.8 | 19.2–28.3 | 41.2 | 36.1–46.2 | 17.4 | <0.01† |
| ≤ 13 years education | 20.4 | 13.8–27.0 | 36.2 | 28.9–43.6 | 15.8 | |
| > 13 years education | 27.1 | 21.4–32.9 | 46.1 | 39.7–52.5 | 19.0 | 0.46‡ |
| BMI <25 | 25.9 | 20.9–30.8 | 46.1 | 40.6–51.6 | 20.2 | |
| BMI ≥25 | 21.7 | 14.7–28.7 | 36.2 | 28.4–44.0 | 14.5 | 0.15‡ |
| Age < 25 | 20.9 | 13.4–28.3 | 38.3 | 29.9–46.6 | 17.4 | |
| Age ≥ 25 | 26.7 | 21.6–31.8 | 44.1 | 38.4–49.7 | 17.4 | 0.99‡ |
| Other fruitsc/berries ≥ daily | 7.7 | 4.8–10.6 | 15.0 | 11.4–18.7 | 7.3 | <0.01† |
| ≤ 13 years education | 8.9 | 4.8–13.0 | 16.2 | 10.8–21.6 | 7.3 | |
| > 13 years education | 6.5 | 2.9–10.2 | 13.8 | 9.2–18.5 | 7.3 | 0.99‡ |
| BMI <25 | 9.6 | 6.5–12.7 | 16.6 | 12.6–20.6 | 7.0 | |
| BMI ≥25 | 5.8 | 1.4–10.2 | 13.5 | 7.8–19.1 | 7.7 | 0.80‡ |
| Age < 25 | 6.7 | 2.0–11.4 | 15.2 | 9.1–21.2 | 8.5 | |
| Age ≥ 25 | 8.7 | 5.5–11.9 | 14.9 | 10.7–19.0 | 6.2 | 0.43‡ |
| Fruits/vegetables as snacks ≥ daily | 13.9 | 10.2–17.6 | 27.9 | 23.1–32.6 | 14.0 | <0.01† |
| ≤ 13 years education | 12.8 | 7.4–18.1 | 25.6 | 18.7–32.6 | 12.8 | |
| > 13 years education | 15.1 | 10.4–19.8 | 30.1 | 24.1–36.2 | 15.0 | 0.59‡ |
| BMI <25 | 15.8 | 11.8–19.8 | 31.1 | 25.9–36.3 | 15.3 | |
| BMI ≥25 | 12.0 | 6.3–17.7 | 24.7 | 17.3–32.0 | 12.7 | 0.51‡ |
| Age < 25 | 13.5 | 7.4–19.6 | 23.0 | 15.2–30.8 | 9.5 | |
| Age ≥ 25 | 14.4 | 10.2–18.5 | 32.7 | 27.4–38.1 | 18.3 | 0.04‡ |
BMI Body Mass Index
agestational week 15
b apples, pears, oranges or bananas
c other fruits than apples, pears, oranges or bananas
† P-value based on repeated measure model
‡ P-value: Multilevel linear mixed model, including maternal education, BMI and age and the interaction terms: time*education, time*BMI and time*age