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. 2017 Apr 4;17:85. doi: 10.1186/s12866-017-0998-2

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© The Author(s). 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Trickling nitrification biofilm reactor column. The reactor was operated through six phases A through E, with increasing ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) concentration in the influent during phase A through E and a decrease to 150 mg/L NH₄ ⁺ in the influent at phase D2. Samples were collected at the top (U) and bottom (B) locations from Port U and B, respectively. Influent and effluent were also collected from the marked sampling ports